Isaac Nakhimovsky is a junior research fellow at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge.

"Nakhimovsky's book is rewarding to read. Not only does it give a rich, vivid description of the issues and contending forces at a time when the future of the European nation-state system hung in the balance; it also calls into question some pervasive assumptions about the rise of capitalism."--Michael Rosen, The Nation "The [book] is a fascinating and always judicious account of a world of argument over whether and how European states could pursue economic vitality without destroying themselves and the rest of the world in the process... Nakhimovsky's lucid and engaging book is an invaluable contribution to that project, as well as to the broader study of the history of political and international thought and the contemporary resonances of historical debates."--Jennifer Pitts, Perspectives on Politics "As Nakhimovsky has brilliantly demonstrated, there is much for contemporary readers to be inspired by in Fichte's basic intuition that policies of public finance might be used not merely to regulate local economies and promote world peace but also to realize a robust and demanding conception of justice."--Frederick Neuhouser, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

• Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Perpetual Peace and Fichte's Theory of the State 15 Herder's Letter 15 Perpetual Peace and Power Politics 17 The Citizen of Frejus and the Philosopher of Konigsberg 22 The Citizen of Frejus, the Philosopher of Konigsberg, and the Professor at Jena 35 Toward The Closed Commercial State 61 Chapter 2: Commerce and the European Commonwealth in 1800 63 Gentz's Review 63 Perpetual Peace and The Closed Commercial State 65 Fichte's History of Commerce 74 Prussia and the Anglo-French Debate of 1800 84 Fichte's Contribution to the Debate 98 Chapter 3: R epublicanization in Theory and Practice 103 Fichte's Proposal 103 Fichte's Implementation Strategy 106 The Closed Commercial State and the Political Economy of Prussian Reform 115 Fichte's Moral Challenge Continued 126 Chapter 4: Fichte's Political Economy of the General Will 130 Hestermann's Review 130 Open Commercial State versus Closed Commercial State 134 Needs and Rights in Fichte's Theory of Property 143 The Transcendental Industrialism of The Closed Commercial State 157 Conclusion 166 Bibliography 177 Index 195

Isaac Nakhimovsky is a junior research fellow at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge.

"Nakhimovsky's book is rewarding to read. Not only does it give a rich, vivid description of the issues and contending forces at a time when the future of the European nation-state system hung in the balance; it also calls into question some pervasive assumptions about the rise of capitalism."--Michael Rosen, The Nation "The [book] is a fascinating and always judicious account of a world of argument over whether and how European states could pursue economic vitality without destroying themselves and the rest of the world in the process... Nakhimovsky's lucid and engaging book is an invaluable contribution to that project, as well as to the broader study of the history of political and international thought and the contemporary resonances of historical debates."--Jennifer Pitts, Perspectives on Politics "As Nakhimovsky has brilliantly demonstrated, there is much for contemporary readers to be inspired by in Fichte's basic intuition that policies of public finance might be used not merely to regulate local economies and promote world peace but also to realize a robust and demanding conception of justice."--Frederick Neuhouser, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

• Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Perpetual Peace and Fichte's Theory of the State 15 Herder's Letter 15 Perpetual Peace and Power Politics 17 The Citizen of Frejus and the Philosopher of Konigsberg 22 The Citizen of Frejus, the Philosopher of Konigsberg, and the Professor at Jena 35 Toward The Closed Commercial State 61 Chapter 2: Commerce and the European Commonwealth in 1800 63 Gentz's Review 63 Perpetual Peace and The Closed Commercial State 65 Fichte's History of Commerce 74 Prussia and the Anglo-French Debate of 1800 84 Fichte's Contribution to the Debate 98 Chapter 3: R epublicanization in Theory and Practice 103 Fichte's Proposal 103 Fichte's Implementation Strategy 106 The Closed Commercial State and the Political Economy of Prussian Reform 115 Fichte's Moral Challenge Continued 126 Chapter 4: Fichte's Political Economy of the General Will 130 Hestermann's Review 130 Open Commercial State versus Closed Commercial State 134 Needs and Rights in Fichte's Theory of Property 143 The Transcendental Industrialism of The Closed Commercial State 157 Conclusion 166 Bibliography 177 Index 195

Isaac Nakhimovsky is a junior research fellow at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge.

"Nakhimovsky's book is rewarding to read. Not only does it give a rich, vivid description of the issues and contending forces at a time when the future of the European nation-state system hung in the balance; it also calls into question some pervasive assumptions about the rise of capitalism."--Michael Rosen, The Nation "The [book] is a fascinating and always judicious account of a world of argument over whether and how European states could pursue economic vitality without destroying themselves and the rest of the world in the process... Nakhimovsky's lucid and engaging book is an invaluable contribution to that project, as well as to the broader study of the history of political and international thought and the contemporary resonances of historical debates."--Jennifer Pitts, Perspectives on Politics "As Nakhimovsky has brilliantly demonstrated, there is much for contemporary readers to be inspired by in Fichte's basic intuition that policies of public finance might be used not merely to regulate local economies and promote world peace but also to realize a robust and demanding conception of justice."--Frederick Neuhouser, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews

• Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Perpetual Peace and Fichte's Theory of the State 15 Herder's Letter 15 Perpetual Peace and Power Politics 17 The Citizen of Frejus and the Philosopher of Konigsberg 22 The Citizen of Frejus, the Philosopher of Konigsberg, and the Professor at Jena 35 Toward The Closed Commercial State 61 Chapter 2: Commerce and the European Commonwealth in 1800 63 Gentz's Review 63 Perpetual Peace and The Closed Commercial State 65 Fichte's History of Commerce 74 Prussia and the Anglo-French Debate of 1800 84 Fichte's Contribution to the Debate 98 Chapter 3: R epublicanization in Theory and Practice 103 Fichte's Proposal 103 Fichte's Implementation Strategy 106 The Closed Commercial State and the Political Economy of Prussian Reform 115 Fichte's Moral Challenge Continued 126 Chapter 4: Fichte's Political Economy of the General Will 130 Hestermann's Review 130 Open Commercial State versus Closed Commercial State 134 Needs and Rights in Fichte's Theory of Property 143 The Transcendental Industrialism of The Closed Commercial State 157 Conclusion 166 Bibliography 177 Index 195