Ron Johnston is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol. Charles Pattie is Professor of Geography at the University of Sheffield. Danny Dorling is Professor of Geography at the University Of Leeds. David Rossiter is Research fellow in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol

"'I have no doubt that this is an important contribution to knowledge and to the debate about electoral reform.' Graham Thomas, University of Reading"

• 1. From votes to seats - disproportionality, seats, votes, ratios and vote types2. Biases between the two main parties3. Bias and The Boundary Commissions4. Variations in turnout and their impact on the outcome5. Wasted and surplus votes - campaigning and increased vote effectiveness6. Tactical voting - increasing vote effectiveness even more7. Towards reform

Ron Johnston is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol. Charles Pattie is Professor of Geography at the University of Sheffield. Danny Dorling is Professor of Geography at the University Of Leeds. David Rossiter is Research fellow in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol

"'I have no doubt that this is an important contribution to knowledge and to the debate about electoral reform.' Graham Thomas, University of Reading"

• 1. From votes to seats - disproportionality, seats, votes, ratios and vote types2. Biases between the two main parties3. Bias and The Boundary Commissions4. Variations in turnout and their impact on the outcome5. Wasted and surplus votes - campaigning and increased vote effectiveness6. Tactical voting - increasing vote effectiveness even more7. Towards reform

Ron Johnston is Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol. Charles Pattie is Professor of Geography at the University of Sheffield. Danny Dorling is Professor of Geography at the University Of Leeds. David Rossiter is Research fellow in the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol

"'I have no doubt that this is an important contribution to knowledge and to the debate about electoral reform.' Graham Thomas, University of Reading"

• 1. From votes to seats - disproportionality, seats, votes, ratios and vote types2. Biases between the two main parties3. Bias and The Boundary Commissions4. Variations in turnout and their impact on the outcome5. Wasted and surplus votes - campaigning and increased vote effectiveness6. Tactical voting - increasing vote effectiveness even more7. Towards reform