Dr. John A. Arthur is professor of sociology and criminology at the University of Minnesota, Duluth campus. He received his Ph.D. from Penn State University. His research interests include international migration, the African diaspora, race and ethnic relations, and minorities and the criminal justice system. Dr. Joseph Takougang is professor of African history in the department of Africana Studies at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. His interests include colonial and post-colonial Africa, with a focus on Cameroon nationalism and post-colonial political developments in Cameroon. A secondary research area focuses on the African Diaspora in the United States. Dr Thomas Owusu is associate professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Urban Studies, William Paterson University of New Jersey. His research interests include the changing social geography of North American cities, immigrants and North America cities, dynamics of urban economic and demographic change, and comparative urban development and policy.

A strong and important contribution to the literature and understanding of the current issues facing Africans in the diaspora. Through voluntary or forced migration many Africans join the desperate bid to engage in the global economy, far from the violence of failed states, corrupt regimes or countries burdened by poverty. This volume maps their varied and complex journeys and multiple strategies for survival. The detailed research and expert analyses provided by the contributors will shape future policy on the challenges of global immigration in particular from the countries of Africa.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1: Searching for Promised Lands: Conceptualization of the African Diaspora in MigrationJohn A. Arthur, Joseph Takougang and Thomas OwusuChapter 2: The Role of Ghanaian Immigrant Associations in CanadaThomas OwusuChapter 3: Identity Formation and Integration Among Bicultural Immigrant BlacksMsia Kibona ClarkChapter 4: Identity Politics of Ghanaian Immigrants in the Greater Cincinnati Area: Emerging Geography and Sociology of Immigrant ExperiencesIan E. A. YeboahChapter 5: Reconciling Multiple Black Identities: The Case of 1.5 and 2.0 Nigerian ImmigrantsJanet T. AwokoyaChapter 6: Making In-Roads: African Immigrants and Business Opportunities in the United StatesJoseph Takougang and Bassirou TidjaniChapter 7: Geography of Globalized Nursing Markets: Zimbabwean Migrant Nurse Trajectory and Work Experiences in the United KingdomIan E. A. Yeboah and Tatenda T. MamboChapter 8: Relationships Among Blacks in the Diaspora: African and Caribbean Immigrants and American-Born BlacksNemata BlydenChapter 9: Conceptualizing the Attitudes of African Americans Towards United States Immigration PoliciesJohn A. ArthurChapter 10: African Immigrant Relationships With Homeland CountriesMojúbàolú Olúfúnké OkomeChapter 11: African Women in the New Diaspora: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of HomeMary Johnson OsirimChapter 12: Border Questions in African Diaspora LiteratureHilary Chala KowinoChapter 13: Modeling the Determinants of Voluntary Reverse Migration Flows and Repatriations of African ImmigrantsJohn A. ArthurChapter 14: Africans in Global Migration: Still Searching for Promised LandsJohn A. Arthur and Thomas Owusu

Dr. John A. Arthur is professor of sociology and criminology at the University of Minnesota, Duluth campus. He received his Ph.D. from Penn State University. His research interests include international migration, the African diaspora, race and ethnic relations, and minorities and the criminal justice system. Dr. Joseph Takougang is professor of African history in the department of Africana Studies at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. His interests include colonial and post-colonial Africa, with a focus on Cameroon nationalism and post-colonial political developments in Cameroon. A secondary research area focuses on the African Diaspora in the United States. Dr Thomas Owusu is associate professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Urban Studies, William Paterson University of New Jersey. His research interests include the changing social geography of North American cities, immigrants and North America cities, dynamics of urban economic and demographic change, and comparative urban development and policy.

A strong and important contribution to the literature and understanding of the current issues facing Africans in the diaspora. Through voluntary or forced migration many Africans join the desperate bid to engage in the global economy, far from the violence of failed states, corrupt regimes or countries burdened by poverty. This volume maps their varied and complex journeys and multiple strategies for survival. The detailed research and expert analyses provided by the contributors will shape future policy on the challenges of global immigration in particular from the countries of Africa.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1: Searching for Promised Lands: Conceptualization of the African Diaspora in MigrationJohn A. Arthur, Joseph Takougang and Thomas OwusuChapter 2: The Role of Ghanaian Immigrant Associations in CanadaThomas OwusuChapter 3: Identity Formation and Integration Among Bicultural Immigrant BlacksMsia Kibona ClarkChapter 4: Identity Politics of Ghanaian Immigrants in the Greater Cincinnati Area: Emerging Geography and Sociology of Immigrant ExperiencesIan E. A. YeboahChapter 5: Reconciling Multiple Black Identities: The Case of 1.5 and 2.0 Nigerian ImmigrantsJanet T. AwokoyaChapter 6: Making In-Roads: African Immigrants and Business Opportunities in the United StatesJoseph Takougang and Bassirou TidjaniChapter 7: Geography of Globalized Nursing Markets: Zimbabwean Migrant Nurse Trajectory and Work Experiences in the United KingdomIan E. A. Yeboah and Tatenda T. MamboChapter 8: Relationships Among Blacks in the Diaspora: African and Caribbean Immigrants and American-Born BlacksNemata BlydenChapter 9: Conceptualizing the Attitudes of African Americans Towards United States Immigration PoliciesJohn A. ArthurChapter 10: African Immigrant Relationships With Homeland CountriesMojúbàolú Olúfúnké OkomeChapter 11: African Women in the New Diaspora: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of HomeMary Johnson OsirimChapter 12: Border Questions in African Diaspora LiteratureHilary Chala KowinoChapter 13: Modeling the Determinants of Voluntary Reverse Migration Flows and Repatriations of African ImmigrantsJohn A. ArthurChapter 14: Africans in Global Migration: Still Searching for Promised LandsJohn A. Arthur and Thomas Owusu

Dr. John A. Arthur is professor of sociology and criminology at the University of Minnesota, Duluth campus. He received his Ph.D. from Penn State University. His research interests include international migration, the African diaspora, race and ethnic relations, and minorities and the criminal justice system. Dr. Joseph Takougang is professor of African history in the department of Africana Studies at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. His interests include colonial and post-colonial Africa, with a focus on Cameroon nationalism and post-colonial political developments in Cameroon. A secondary research area focuses on the African Diaspora in the United States. Dr Thomas Owusu is associate professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Urban Studies, William Paterson University of New Jersey. His research interests include the changing social geography of North American cities, immigrants and North America cities, dynamics of urban economic and demographic change, and comparative urban development and policy.

A strong and important contribution to the literature and understanding of the current issues facing Africans in the diaspora. Through voluntary or forced migration many Africans join the desperate bid to engage in the global economy, far from the violence of failed states, corrupt regimes or countries burdened by poverty. This volume maps their varied and complex journeys and multiple strategies for survival. The detailed research and expert analyses provided by the contributors will shape future policy on the challenges of global immigration in particular from the countries of Africa.

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1: Searching for Promised Lands: Conceptualization of the African Diaspora in MigrationJohn A. Arthur, Joseph Takougang and Thomas OwusuChapter 2: The Role of Ghanaian Immigrant Associations in CanadaThomas OwusuChapter 3: Identity Formation and Integration Among Bicultural Immigrant BlacksMsia Kibona ClarkChapter 4: Identity Politics of Ghanaian Immigrants in the Greater Cincinnati Area: Emerging Geography and Sociology of Immigrant ExperiencesIan E. A. YeboahChapter 5: Reconciling Multiple Black Identities: The Case of 1.5 and 2.0 Nigerian ImmigrantsJanet T. AwokoyaChapter 6: Making In-Roads: African Immigrants and Business Opportunities in the United StatesJoseph Takougang and Bassirou TidjaniChapter 7: Geography of Globalized Nursing Markets: Zimbabwean Migrant Nurse Trajectory and Work Experiences in the United KingdomIan E. A. Yeboah and Tatenda T. MamboChapter 8: Relationships Among Blacks in the Diaspora: African and Caribbean Immigrants and American-Born BlacksNemata BlydenChapter 9: Conceptualizing the Attitudes of African Americans Towards United States Immigration PoliciesJohn A. ArthurChapter 10: African Immigrant Relationships With Homeland CountriesMojúbàolú Olúfúnké OkomeChapter 11: African Women in the New Diaspora: Transnationalism and the (Re)Creation of HomeMary Johnson OsirimChapter 12: Border Questions in African Diaspora LiteratureHilary Chala KowinoChapter 13: Modeling the Determinants of Voluntary Reverse Migration Flows and Repatriations of African ImmigrantsJohn A. ArthurChapter 14: Africans in Global Migration: Still Searching for Promised LandsJohn A. Arthur and Thomas Owusu