Technology Offsets in International Defence Procurement

Kogila Balakrishnan is currently the Director for Client and Business Development (East Asia) at WMG, University of Warwick. She began her career in the Malaysian civil service where she was instrumental in the development of national offsets policy and subsequently retired as the Under Secretary for Defence Industry in 2016. Kogila holds an BA (Hons) from University of Malaya, LLB (Hons) degree from the University of London and an MA in Strategy and Diplomacy from the Malaysian National University. She won a Fulbright Scholarship in 2003 and held a Chevening Scholarship during 2004–2007, when she obtained her PhD in offsets and technology policy from the Defence College of Management and Technology, Cranfield University, UK Defence Academy. She presently holds an Adjunct Professorship at the Malaysian National Defence University and continues to advise governments and organisations on offsets policy. Kogila is married and has three wonderful children.

'This is an insightful and knowledgeable piece of academic work from one of the foremost experts in the fiendishly complex subject of global offset and countertrade matters, and adds considerably to the currently poorly-served body of work available to researchers on this subject. The author is uniquely qualified to be able to present an accurate picture of this increasingly important, but little-understood and often erroneously portrayed subject, and present accurately the views and opinions from both the viewpoints of the Government "Offset Tsars" to set and police their national offset and countertrade policies, and also of the multinational companies who have to seek to try to comply with these regulations.' - Brinley Salzmann, Director - Overseas & Exports, ADS'Defence and civil offset is often described as a ‘black art’, marked by controversy and contradiction. It is legal, but anti-competitive; governed by policy, but opaque; a catalyst for industrial and technological development, but cost-enhancing and offering only limited and temporary additions of capacity and capability. Dr Balakrishnan is to be applauded for cutting through this confusion, and de-mystifying the subject. Her book offers practitioners and interested observers alike an overdue practical guide to simplifying the complexities of defence offset.' - Ron Matthews: Chair, Defence Economics, Cranfield University, United Kingdom

• Foreword; Acknowledgements; List of Abbreviations; PHASE I; Chapter 1. An Introduction to Offsets; 1.1 Setting the Scene; 1.2 Why the need for this book?; 1.3 Global Offsets Obligation and Trend; 1.4 Offsets in International Procurement; 1.5 Key research on Offsets; 1.6 Costs and Benefits of Offsets; 1.7 Offsets Stakeholders and their Views; 1.8 The need for an Offsets Framework; 1.9 Structure of the Book; Chapter 2. Key Aspects to Offsets Management; 2.1 Background; 2.2 Nonconventional International Trade Financing (NITF); 2.3 How have Offsets Projects Evolved?; 2.4 Origin of Offsets; 2.5 Understanding Offsets Terminologies; 2.6 Offsets Case Study: Use of Offsets Multipliers; Chapter 3. Theoretical underpinning to the study of offsets; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Technology Self-sufficiency Leading to Independence in Defence and Security; 3.3 Industrialisation, or 'Take-Off'; 3.4 Reducing the Technological Gap; 3.5 Building Dynamic Capability; 3.6 Industrialisation through Clusters; 3.7 Sustaining fi rm competitiveness through technological absorption capability (TAC); PHASE II; Chapter 4. Role of Government: Offsets Strategy and Policy Formulation: Development Phase; 4.1 Background; 4.2 Role of Offsets in International Defence Procurement; 4.3 The Offsets Management Cycle (OMC); 4.4 Offsets Strategy Development; 4.5 Offsets Policy Formulation; 4.6 Responsibilities for Offsets Policy Formulation; 4.7 Determining Offsets Objectives; 4.8 Identifying Stakeholders; Chapter 5. Role of Government in Offsets Implementation: Pre-, During and Post-contract Phase; 5.1 Background; 5.2 Role of Offsets Management Authority (OMO); 5.3 Offsets Implementation Process; 5.4 Common Issues in Offsets Implementation; Chapter 6. Sellers' Offset Strategy and Implementation; 6.1 Background; 6.2 Sellers' Perception of Offsets; 6.3 Essential Features of Offsets in a Company; 6.4 Sellers' Offsets Management Life Cycle; 6.5 Five Forces that Influence Sellers' Successful Offsets Strategy and Delivery; 6.6 Issues to Consider for Sellers when Managing Offsets; PHASE III; Chapter 7. Technology, Competitiveness and Offsets Valuation; 7.1 Background; 7.2 Defining Technology; 7.3 Elements of Transfer of Technology in Offsets (TOT); 7.4 Technology Acquisition and Offsets – Justification form National Competitiveness; 7.5 Technology Valuation, Process and Approach; 7.6 Critical Factors for Successful Transfer of Technology through Offsets; 7.7 Case Study; Chapter 8. Transparency in Offset; 8.1 Is Offsets a Corrupt Practise?; 8.2 What Does Transparency International (TI) say about Offsets?; 8.3 Possible Malpractise in Offsets Dealings; 8.4 Defence Sales and Allegations of Corrupt Practice in Offsets; 8.5 Recommendation on Best Practises for Greater Offsets Transparency; Chapter 9. Managing Offsets Risks; 9.1 Awareness to Risks in Offsets; 9.2 Evaluating Risks in Offsets Management Life Cycle: Buyer Perspective (Offset Oblige); 9.3 Evaluating Risks in Offsets Management Life Cycle: Seller Perspective (Offsets Obligor); 9.4 Case Study; Chapter 10. Conclusion and Future of Offsets; 10.1 Offsets is Here to Stay; 10.2 Future of Offsets