Joel Pfister is Professor of American Studies and English at Wesleyan University. He is a coeditor of Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America and the author of Staging Depth: Eugene O’Neill and the Politics of Psychological Discourse and The Production of Personal Life: Class, Gender, and the Psychological in Hawthorne’s Fiction.

“Individuality Incorporated is a real contribution to American cultural studies. Its reexaminations of the Carlisle School, John Collier, and the Taos bohemians produce a detailed picture of the uses of ‘Indianizing.’ The book is of real service to discussions of race, assimilation, and individualism in the twentieth century.”-Tom Lutz, University of Iowa “Joel Pfister’s book shows how Indians served as subjects for quite specific American ideological projects, in this case, projects involving different conceptions of the ‘individual.’ Pfister’s extensive archival research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Richard Henry Pratt and the Carlisle Indian School and of John Collier and the Indian New Deal. He pays careful attention to such earlier Native writers and activists as Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin, Luther Standing Bear, and D’Arcy McNickle as well to contemporary Native writers like Leslie Marmon Silko, Jimmie Durham, and Sherman Alexie, among several others. This is a wide-ranging and important book.”-Arnold Krupat, Sarah Lawrence College

• List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiIntroduction: Lessons Indians Can Teach American Studies about the Role of Individuality 1PART ONE Categorizing and Institutionalizing Indians and Individuals 291 Carlisle as Individualizing Factory: Making Indians, Individuals, Workers 312 The School of Savagery: “Indian” Formations of Subjectivity and Carlisle 97 PART TWO Multicultural Modernity Incorporated 1333 Modernist Multiculturalism: Lawrence, Luhan, and the White Therapeutic Indianizing of “Lost” White Individuality 135 4 Indians Inc.:Collier’s New Deal Diversity Management 185 Afterward: Diversity Incorporated and World Americanization 229Appendix 1 Notes on Natives and Socialism 253Appendix 2 A Proposal to Reopen Carlisle 257Abbreviations in Notes 259Notes 261Index 321

Joel Pfister is Professor of American Studies and English at Wesleyan University. He is a coeditor of Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America and the author of Staging Depth: Eugene O’Neill and the Politics of Psychological Discourse and The Production of Personal Life: Class, Gender, and the Psychological in Hawthorne’s Fiction.

“Individuality Incorporated is a real contribution to American cultural studies. Its reexaminations of the Carlisle School, John Collier, and the Taos bohemians produce a detailed picture of the uses of ‘Indianizing.’ The book is of real service to discussions of race, assimilation, and individualism in the twentieth century.”-Tom Lutz, University of Iowa “Joel Pfister’s book shows how Indians served as subjects for quite specific American ideological projects, in this case, projects involving different conceptions of the ‘individual.’ Pfister’s extensive archival research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Richard Henry Pratt and the Carlisle Indian School and of John Collier and the Indian New Deal. He pays careful attention to such earlier Native writers and activists as Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin, Luther Standing Bear, and D’Arcy McNickle as well to contemporary Native writers like Leslie Marmon Silko, Jimmie Durham, and Sherman Alexie, among several others. This is a wide-ranging and important book.”-Arnold Krupat, Sarah Lawrence College

• List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiIntroduction: Lessons Indians Can Teach American Studies about the Role of Individuality 1PART ONE Categorizing and Institutionalizing Indians and Individuals 291 Carlisle as Individualizing Factory: Making Indians, Individuals, Workers 312 The School of Savagery: “Indian” Formations of Subjectivity and Carlisle 97 PART TWO Multicultural Modernity Incorporated 1333 Modernist Multiculturalism: Lawrence, Luhan, and the White Therapeutic Indianizing of “Lost” White Individuality 135 4 Indians Inc.:Collier’s New Deal Diversity Management 185 Afterward: Diversity Incorporated and World Americanization 229Appendix 1 Notes on Natives and Socialism 253Appendix 2 A Proposal to Reopen Carlisle 257Abbreviations in Notes 259Notes 261Index 321

Joel Pfister is Professor of American Studies and English at Wesleyan University. He is a coeditor of Inventing the Psychological: Toward a Cultural History of Emotional Life in America and the author of Staging Depth: Eugene O’Neill and the Politics of Psychological Discourse and The Production of Personal Life: Class, Gender, and the Psychological in Hawthorne’s Fiction.

“Individuality Incorporated is a real contribution to American cultural studies. Its reexaminations of the Carlisle School, John Collier, and the Taos bohemians produce a detailed picture of the uses of ‘Indianizing.’ The book is of real service to discussions of race, assimilation, and individualism in the twentieth century.”-Tom Lutz, University of Iowa “Joel Pfister’s book shows how Indians served as subjects for quite specific American ideological projects, in this case, projects involving different conceptions of the ‘individual.’ Pfister’s extensive archival research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Richard Henry Pratt and the Carlisle Indian School and of John Collier and the Indian New Deal. He pays careful attention to such earlier Native writers and activists as Gertrude and Raymond Bonnin, Luther Standing Bear, and D’Arcy McNickle as well to contemporary Native writers like Leslie Marmon Silko, Jimmie Durham, and Sherman Alexie, among several others. This is a wide-ranging and important book.”-Arnold Krupat, Sarah Lawrence College

• List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiIntroduction: Lessons Indians Can Teach American Studies about the Role of Individuality 1PART ONE Categorizing and Institutionalizing Indians and Individuals 291 Carlisle as Individualizing Factory: Making Indians, Individuals, Workers 312 The School of Savagery: “Indian” Formations of Subjectivity and Carlisle 97 PART TWO Multicultural Modernity Incorporated 1333 Modernist Multiculturalism: Lawrence, Luhan, and the White Therapeutic Indianizing of “Lost” White Individuality 135 4 Indians Inc.:Collier’s New Deal Diversity Management 185 Afterward: Diversity Incorporated and World Americanization 229Appendix 1 Notes on Natives and Socialism 253Appendix 2 A Proposal to Reopen Carlisle 257Abbreviations in Notes 259Notes 261Index 321