Benjamin Hartley is a neurosurgeon with over ten years of experience and has won many awards including the Pioneer in Diversity Award, NY Neurosurgery Society Research Award, and Michael L. J. Apuzzo Resident Literature Award. He also serves as founder an CTO of various neuroscience and technical organizations and companies. Dr. Philip E. Stieg is an internationally renowned expert in cerebrovascular disorders, brain tumors, and skull base surgery. He is a prolific author and editor who has received multiple awards and honors, including the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and the Weill Cornell Medicine Maurice Greenberg Distinguished Service Award. He has been named by Castle Connolly Medical as one of the nation's Top Doctors for more than 20 years and is frequently featured in the media for his expertise and commentary. He is also an advocate for brain health; his highly regarded podcast, This Is Your Brain, provides engaging insights into the brain and mind. Dr. Rohan Ramakrishna is a board-certified neurosurgeon specializing in brain and CNS tumors. He has decades of training in experience from pre-eminent institutions in the most advanced techniques in cranial surgery. At New York-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine, he directs the Brain Metastases Clinic and the Rhodes Center for Glioblastoma, and serves on national committees. Michael L.J. Apuzzo is one of the World's best-known and respected neurosurgeons. Inspired by service in nuclear-powered submarines and NASA he had a multi-faceted four-decade career at the Keck School of Medicine characterized by extraordinary creativity and innovation. As a pioneer and visionary, he is considered one of the principal architects of modern neurosurgery. He holds academic appointments at Weill Cornell, Yale, and the Rockefeller Neurological Institute.

'This is a high-quality scholarly book that offers meaningful intellectual value for neurosurgeons who are interested in the historical and conceptual development of their field … I recommend this book particularly to senior residents, fellows, and academic neurosurgeons who are interested in the philosophical and technological evolution of neurosurgical practice, especially in educational or scholarly contexts.' Adrusht Madapoosi, Doody's Reviews

• Part I. What Came Before: 1. Pivotal Moments in the Development of Modern Neurosurgery Benjamin Hartley, Philip E. Stieg and Michael L. J. Apuzzo; Part II. Ideas and Concepts in Modern Neurosurgical Innovation: 2. Surgical and Other Therapeutic Minimalism: Reducing the Risk Vincent N. Nguyen, Jonathan Dallas, Saman Sizdahkhani, Alexandra N. Demetriou, Arun P. Amar and William Mack; 3. Neurorestoration – A New Synthesis: Repair, Replace, and Optimize Charles Liu, Aidin Abedi, Jordan L. W. Lam, Yu Tung Jack Lo and Christopher C. Young; 4. Modulation: Fine Tuning and Resetting of Neurological Function Kate Gelman, Manish Ranjan, Peter Konrad and Ali Rezai; 5. The Computer as a Tool in Understanding and Managing Brain Disease; 5a. Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery Sumedha Rai, Sean Neifert, Zoran M. Budimlija, Aleksandar Beric and Eric K. Oermann; 5b. Augmented Reality in Neurosurgery Stefan Vilsmeier; 5c. Epilepsy Monitoring Kayton Rotenberg, Eun-Hyoung Park, Michelle Chiu, Scellig S. Stone and Joseph R. Madsen; Part III. Areas of Biological and Technical Advances Driving Neurosurgical Innovation: 6. Molecular Neurosurgery: Understanding and Harnessing Human Chemical Structure and Function Daniel Aaronson, Umberto Tosi and Rohan Ramakrishna; 7. Cell Biology: Creating Structure and Function Nicholas M. Boulis, Yuliya Lakhina and Ramiz H. Kara; 8. Nanotechnology: Ideas for Therapies at the Atomic Level Mark A. Damante, Jr., David Gibbs, Daniel Kreatsoulas and James Bradley Elder; 9. Computer Science: The Computer as a Neurosurgical Tool Andrew B. Koo and Joseph King, Jr.; Part IV. The Surgeon's Armamentarium: 10. Microscopy: Enhancing Visualization in the Surgical Challenge Kate Rosen, Evan Bander and Theodore H. Schwartz; 11. Endoscopy: Minimally Invasive Visualization and Therapy Umberto Tosi and Mark M. Souweidane; 12. Imaging: Defining the Challenges and Establishing Navigational Maps Alexandra E. Reis, Kristen Leeman, Sara B. Strauss and Apostolos John Tsiouris; 13. Robotics: Refined Assistance and Enhanced Minimalism Sanju Lama and Garnette Sutherland; 14. High Energy Forms: Employing the Spectrum of Energy as Surgical Adjuvants; 14a. Photons and Particles Stylianos Pikis, Georgios Mantziaris, Chloe Dumot and Jason P. Sheehan; 14b. Radiation Modifiers: Enhancements of Therapeutic Effects Paul Pagnini and Silvia Chiara Formenti; 14c. Focused Ultrasound: Controlled Mechanical Energy Ying Meng, Karim Mithani, Neal Kassell and Nir Lipsman; 14d. Laser Energy: Explanation of Light in a Broad Spectrum of Challenges Kelsey A. Templeton and Veronica Chiang; 15. Virtual Systems: Simulation and Rehearsal of Clinical Skills and Events Antonio Bernardo; 16. Endovascular Technology: Exploitation of Endovascular Corridors in the Broad Catalogue of Challenges Jennifer E. Kim, Joshua S. Catapano, Badih Daou, Ashutosh P. Jadhav, Andrew Ducruet and Felipe C. Albuquerque; Part V. The Neurosurgeons of the Future: A Striking Metamorphosis: 17. The 'Neurosurgeon'–Quo Vadis Andrew B. Koo, Brianna Carusillo Theriault and Michael L. J. Apuzzo.