Stuti S. Kokkalera is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, USA.

• Acknowledgments Table of Abbreviations Table of Cases Table of Legislation Introduction: In Defense of Youth 1 The Meaning of a Meaningful Opportunity The Supreme Court’s View of Juvenile Lifers Defining a Meaningful Opportunity How Is Parole a Meaningful Opportunity for Release? 2 The Evolving Right to Legal Representation The Constitutional Right to Counsel A Juvenile Defendant’s Right to Counsel The Right to Counsel in Parole 3 What about Effective Legal Representation for Juvenile Lifers? Defining Attorney Effectiveness Attorney Effectiveness in Parole 4 Study Setting, Data, and Methods Study LocationData Sources Analytical Methodology 5 Contextualizing the Role of Counsel in Parole Protecting Rights Preparing for Parole Managing Expectations Challenging Practices 6 Conclusion—In Defense of Juvenile Sentenced to Life Due Process and Zealous Advocacy Creating Meaningful Policies for a Meaningful Opportunity A Call to Recognize the Defense of Youth Bibliography Index

Stuti S. Kokkalera is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, USA.

• Acknowledgments Table of Abbreviations Table of Cases Table of Legislation Introduction: In Defense of Youth 1 The Meaning of a Meaningful Opportunity The Supreme Court’s View of Juvenile Lifers Defining a Meaningful Opportunity How Is Parole a Meaningful Opportunity for Release? 2 The Evolving Right to Legal Representation The Constitutional Right to Counsel A Juvenile Defendant’s Right to Counsel The Right to Counsel in Parole 3 What about Effective Legal Representation for Juvenile Lifers? Defining Attorney Effectiveness Attorney Effectiveness in Parole 4 Study Setting, Data, and Methods Study LocationData Sources Analytical Methodology 5 Contextualizing the Role of Counsel in Parole Protecting Rights Preparing for Parole Managing Expectations Challenging Practices 6 Conclusion—In Defense of Juvenile Sentenced to Life Due Process and Zealous Advocacy Creating Meaningful Policies for a Meaningful Opportunity A Call to Recognize the Defense of Youth Bibliography Index

Stuti S. Kokkalera is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, USA.

• Acknowledgments Table of Abbreviations Table of Cases Table of Legislation Introduction: In Defense of Youth 1 The Meaning of a Meaningful Opportunity The Supreme Court’s View of Juvenile Lifers Defining a Meaningful Opportunity How Is Parole a Meaningful Opportunity for Release? 2 The Evolving Right to Legal Representation The Constitutional Right to Counsel A Juvenile Defendant’s Right to Counsel The Right to Counsel in Parole 3 What about Effective Legal Representation for Juvenile Lifers? Defining Attorney Effectiveness Attorney Effectiveness in Parole 4 Study Setting, Data, and Methods Study LocationData Sources Analytical Methodology 5 Contextualizing the Role of Counsel in Parole Protecting Rights Preparing for Parole Managing Expectations Challenging Practices 6 Conclusion—In Defense of Juvenile Sentenced to Life Due Process and Zealous Advocacy Creating Meaningful Policies for a Meaningful Opportunity A Call to Recognize the Defense of Youth Bibliography Index