After nearly two decades as a human rights advocate and researcher, Tim Cunningham earned a PhD from Ulster University’s Transitional Justice Institute. He has held senior positions at non-governmental organizations and as a member of government bodies. As a member of Northern Ireland’s Historic Monuments Council, he advised the government on preservation issues.

"An impressive exercise in urban forensics engaging infrastructure as social engineering. Case studies from the United States and Northern Ireland provide comparative analyses of strategies for urban segregation by law and by design. Cunningham provides an invaluable resource for understanding and ameliorating legacies of spatial injustice in our cities." - Richard Plunz, Professor Emeritus, Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York City“For all those students and practitioners in urbanism, particularly those addressing the problems of deeply divided cities, where contested issues of identity and inequality overlap, this is a must-read book. It brings novel insight to the perennial problem of how you reconcile community cohesion and social inclusion by remaking urban space for connectedness over segregation. Perceptively, the book acknowledges the historic injustices of race, religion and class that have imprinted themselves in layers of spatial discrimination and containment that continue to obstruct opportunity for the most marginalised. In a very readable style, and with an impressive set of references, the book challenges us to respect this legacy and all its complexity.” - Frank Gaffikin, Emeritus Professor, Queen’s University Belfast."This is a timely book bringing important issues related to discrimination, exclusion and transformation in urban spaces to the fore, namely the relationship of the builtenvironment to the management and experience of conflict and inequality. Grounded in deep history of place and time Cunningham provides compelling, insightful and novel insights to these issues." - Prof Fionnuala Ní Aoláin KC (Hons), Regents Professor, University of Minnesota Law School and Professor of Law, The Queen’s University of Belfast

• 1. The Architecture of Inequality. 2. The Origins of Urban Segregation. 3. Modernist Planning: A Road to Wreck and Ruin. 4. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture and Planning in Belfast. Case Study: The Redevelopment of the Crumlin Road Gaol & Girdwood Barracks. 5. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture in the U.S. 6. Restorative Architecture and the Politics of Reparations.

After nearly two decades as a human rights advocate and researcher, Tim Cunningham earned a PhD from Ulster University’s Transitional Justice Institute. He has held senior positions at non-governmental organizations and as a member of government bodies. As a member of Northern Ireland’s Historic Monuments Council, he advised the government on preservation issues.

"An impressive exercise in urban forensics engaging infrastructure as social engineering. Case studies from the United States and Northern Ireland provide comparative analyses of strategies for urban segregation by law and by design. Cunningham provides an invaluable resource for understanding and ameliorating legacies of spatial injustice in our cities." - Richard Plunz, Professor Emeritus, Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York City“For all those students and practitioners in urbanism, particularly those addressing the problems of deeply divided cities, where contested issues of identity and inequality overlap, this is a must-read book. It brings novel insight to the perennial problem of how you reconcile community cohesion and social inclusion by remaking urban space for connectedness over segregation. Perceptively, the book acknowledges the historic injustices of race, religion and class that have imprinted themselves in layers of spatial discrimination and containment that continue to obstruct opportunity for the most marginalised. In a very readable style, and with an impressive set of references, the book challenges us to respect this legacy and all its complexity.” - Frank Gaffikin, Emeritus Professor, Queen’s University Belfast."This is a timely book bringing important issues related to discrimination, exclusion and transformation in urban spaces to the fore, namely the relationship of the builtenvironment to the management and experience of conflict and inequality. Grounded in deep history of place and time Cunningham provides compelling, insightful and novel insights to these issues." - Prof Fionnuala Ní Aoláin KC (Hons), Regents Professor, University of Minnesota Law School and Professor of Law, The Queen’s University of Belfast

• 1. The Architecture of Inequality. 2. The Origins of Urban Segregation. 3. Modernist Planning: A Road to Wreck and Ruin. 4. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture and Planning in Belfast. Case Study: The Redevelopment of the Crumlin Road Gaol & Girdwood Barracks. 5. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture in the U.S. 6. Restorative Architecture and the Politics of Reparations.

After nearly two decades as a human rights advocate and researcher, Tim Cunningham earned a PhD from Ulster University’s Transitional Justice Institute. He has held senior positions at non-governmental organizations and as a member of government bodies. As a member of Northern Ireland’s Historic Monuments Council, he advised the government on preservation issues.

"An impressive exercise in urban forensics engaging infrastructure as social engineering. Case studies from the United States and Northern Ireland provide comparative analyses of strategies for urban segregation by law and by design. Cunningham provides an invaluable resource for understanding and ameliorating legacies of spatial injustice in our cities." - Richard Plunz, Professor Emeritus, Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York City“For all those students and practitioners in urbanism, particularly those addressing the problems of deeply divided cities, where contested issues of identity and inequality overlap, this is a must-read book. It brings novel insight to the perennial problem of how you reconcile community cohesion and social inclusion by remaking urban space for connectedness over segregation. Perceptively, the book acknowledges the historic injustices of race, religion and class that have imprinted themselves in layers of spatial discrimination and containment that continue to obstruct opportunity for the most marginalised. In a very readable style, and with an impressive set of references, the book challenges us to respect this legacy and all its complexity.” - Frank Gaffikin, Emeritus Professor, Queen’s University Belfast."This is a timely book bringing important issues related to discrimination, exclusion and transformation in urban spaces to the fore, namely the relationship of the builtenvironment to the management and experience of conflict and inequality. Grounded in deep history of place and time Cunningham provides compelling, insightful and novel insights to these issues." - Prof Fionnuala Ní Aoláin KC (Hons), Regents Professor, University of Minnesota Law School and Professor of Law, The Queen’s University of Belfast

• 1. The Architecture of Inequality. 2. The Origins of Urban Segregation. 3. Modernist Planning: A Road to Wreck and Ruin. 4. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture and Planning in Belfast. Case Study: The Redevelopment of the Crumlin Road Gaol & Girdwood Barracks. 5. The Legacy of Coercive Architecture in the U.S. 6. Restorative Architecture and the Politics of Reparations.