Max Gallien is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) located at the University of Sussex, a Fellow at the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), and a Senior Fellow at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime (GITOC). He is a political scientist specialising in the politics of informal and illegal economies, the political economy of development, and the modern politics of the Middle East and North Africa.Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Armed Groups at the Overseas Development Institute and a Research Associate at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He works on armed conflict, illicit economies, and international interventions, and explores the politics and societal dynamics of conflict zones, borderlands, and other complex environments. He is the author of Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia and Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan.

• 1 Studying smuggling Max Gallien and Florian Weigand PART I Methods and approaches 2 Localising smuggling Gregor Dobler 3 Smuggling ideologies: Theory and reality in African clandestine economies Kate Meagher 4 Lorries and ledgers: Describing and mapping smuggling in the field Nikki Philline C. de la Rosa and Francisco J. Lara Jr. 5 Quantifying missing and hidden trade: An economic perspective Sami Bensassi and Jade Siu 6 Research in dangerous fields: Ethics, morals, and practices in the study of smuggling Thomas Hüsken PART II Borderlands and their people 7 Making borders, closing frontiers and identifying smuggling: Comparative histories Paul Nugent 8 Borderlands, frontiers, and borders: Changing meanings and the intersection with smuggling practices Sergio Peña 9 Trading spaces: Afghan borderland brokers and the transformation of the margins Jonathan Goodhand, Jan Koehler, and Jasmine Bhatia 10 Scales of grey: The complex geography of transnational cross-border trade in the African Great Lakes region Timothy Raeymaekers 11 Smuggling as a legitimate activity? The OPEC Boys as social bandits in Northern Uganda Kristof Titeca 12 Tall tales and borderline cases: Narratives as meaningful contraband Mareike Schomerus and Lotje de Vries 13 Gender and smuggling Caroline E. Schuster PART III Smuggling goods 14 Cocaine smuggling: Between geopolitics and domestic power struggles Angélica Durán-Martínez 15 Sharing the load: The distributive nature of the opium trade in, and from, Afghanistan David Mansfield 16 Arms trafficking Nicholas Marsh and Lauren Pinson 17 Reconciling competing policies for combatting wildlife trafficking and preventing zoonotic pandemics Vanda Felbab-Brown 18 Cigarette smuggling: Trends, taxes and big tobacco Max Gallien 19 Theft and smuggling of petroleum products Tim Eaton 20 Old routes, new rules: Smuggling rice in the porous borders of the Sulu, Celebes, and South China Sea Eddie L. Quitoriano 21 The intersections of smuggling flows Annette Idler PART IV Smuggling and mobility 22 Humanitarian smuggling in a time of restricting and criminalizing mobility Ilse van Liempt 23 Migrant smuggling and the social organisation of cross-border mobility Luca Raineri 24 Human smuggling, gender and labour circulation in the Global South Priya Deshingkar 25 Human smuggling in the time of COVID-19: Lessons from a pandemic Lucia Bird Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo PART V Smuggling and conflict 26 The illicit trade and conflict connection: Insights from US history Peter Andreas 27 Smuggling, survival, and civil war economies Aisha Ahmad 28 Checkpost chess: Exploring the relationship between insurgents and illicit trade Shalaka Thakur 29 Rebels, smugglers and (the pitfalls of) economic pacification David Brenner PART VI Addressing smuggling 30 Blue frontiers: In pursuit of smugglers at sea Carina Bruwer 31 Communities and crime wars: Adaptation and resilience Matt Herbert, Tuesday Reitano, and Siria Gastelum Felix 32 The "war on smugglers" and the expansion of the border apparatus Lorena Gazzotti

Max Gallien is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) located at the University of Sussex, a Fellow at the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), and a Senior Fellow at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime (GITOC). He is a political scientist specialising in the politics of informal and illegal economies, the political economy of development, and the modern politics of the Middle East and North Africa.Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Armed Groups at the Overseas Development Institute and a Research Associate at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He works on armed conflict, illicit economies, and international interventions, and explores the politics and societal dynamics of conflict zones, borderlands, and other complex environments. He is the author of Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia and Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan.

• 1 Studying smuggling Max Gallien and Florian Weigand PART I Methods and approaches 2 Localising smuggling Gregor Dobler 3 Smuggling ideologies: Theory and reality in African clandestine economies Kate Meagher 4 Lorries and ledgers: Describing and mapping smuggling in the field Nikki Philline C. de la Rosa and Francisco J. Lara Jr. 5 Quantifying missing and hidden trade: An economic perspective Sami Bensassi and Jade Siu 6 Research in dangerous fields: Ethics, morals, and practices in the study of smuggling Thomas Hüsken PART II Borderlands and their people 7 Making borders, closing frontiers and identifying smuggling: Comparative histories Paul Nugent 8 Borderlands, frontiers, and borders: Changing meanings and the intersection with smuggling practices Sergio Peña 9 Trading spaces: Afghan borderland brokers and the transformation of the margins Jonathan Goodhand, Jan Koehler, and Jasmine Bhatia 10 Scales of grey: The complex geography of transnational cross-border trade in the African Great Lakes region Timothy Raeymaekers 11 Smuggling as a legitimate activity? The OPEC Boys as social bandits in Northern Uganda Kristof Titeca 12 Tall tales and borderline cases: Narratives as meaningful contraband Mareike Schomerus and Lotje de Vries 13 Gender and smuggling Caroline E. Schuster PART III Smuggling goods 14 Cocaine smuggling: Between geopolitics and domestic power struggles Angélica Durán-Martínez 15 Sharing the load: The distributive nature of the opium trade in, and from, Afghanistan David Mansfield 16 Arms trafficking Nicholas Marsh and Lauren Pinson 17 Reconciling competing policies for combatting wildlife trafficking and preventing zoonotic pandemics Vanda Felbab-Brown 18 Cigarette smuggling: Trends, taxes and big tobacco Max Gallien 19 Theft and smuggling of petroleum products Tim Eaton 20 Old routes, new rules: Smuggling rice in the porous borders of the Sulu, Celebes, and South China Sea Eddie L. Quitoriano 21 The intersections of smuggling flows Annette Idler PART IV Smuggling and mobility 22 Humanitarian smuggling in a time of restricting and criminalizing mobility Ilse van Liempt 23 Migrant smuggling and the social organisation of cross-border mobility Luca Raineri 24 Human smuggling, gender and labour circulation in the Global South Priya Deshingkar 25 Human smuggling in the time of COVID-19: Lessons from a pandemic Lucia Bird Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo PART V Smuggling and conflict 26 The illicit trade and conflict connection: Insights from US history Peter Andreas 27 Smuggling, survival, and civil war economies Aisha Ahmad 28 Checkpost chess: Exploring the relationship between insurgents and illicit trade Shalaka Thakur 29 Rebels, smugglers and (the pitfalls of) economic pacification David Brenner PART VI Addressing smuggling 30 Blue frontiers: In pursuit of smugglers at sea Carina Bruwer 31 Communities and crime wars: Adaptation and resilience Matt Herbert, Tuesday Reitano, and Siria Gastelum Felix 32 The "war on smugglers" and the expansion of the border apparatus Lorena Gazzotti

Max Gallien is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) located at the University of Sussex, a Fellow at the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), and a Senior Fellow at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime (GITOC). He is a political scientist specialising in the politics of informal and illegal economies, the political economy of development, and the modern politics of the Middle East and North Africa.Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Armed Groups at the Overseas Development Institute and a Research Associate at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He works on armed conflict, illicit economies, and international interventions, and explores the politics and societal dynamics of conflict zones, borderlands, and other complex environments. He is the author of Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia and Waiting for Dignity: Legitimacy and Authority in Afghanistan.

• 1 Studying smuggling Max Gallien and Florian Weigand PART I Methods and approaches 2 Localising smuggling Gregor Dobler 3 Smuggling ideologies: Theory and reality in African clandestine economies Kate Meagher 4 Lorries and ledgers: Describing and mapping smuggling in the field Nikki Philline C. de la Rosa and Francisco J. Lara Jr. 5 Quantifying missing and hidden trade: An economic perspective Sami Bensassi and Jade Siu 6 Research in dangerous fields: Ethics, morals, and practices in the study of smuggling Thomas Hüsken PART II Borderlands and their people 7 Making borders, closing frontiers and identifying smuggling: Comparative histories Paul Nugent 8 Borderlands, frontiers, and borders: Changing meanings and the intersection with smuggling practices Sergio Peña 9 Trading spaces: Afghan borderland brokers and the transformation of the margins Jonathan Goodhand, Jan Koehler, and Jasmine Bhatia 10 Scales of grey: The complex geography of transnational cross-border trade in the African Great Lakes region Timothy Raeymaekers 11 Smuggling as a legitimate activity? The OPEC Boys as social bandits in Northern Uganda Kristof Titeca 12 Tall tales and borderline cases: Narratives as meaningful contraband Mareike Schomerus and Lotje de Vries 13 Gender and smuggling Caroline E. Schuster PART III Smuggling goods 14 Cocaine smuggling: Between geopolitics and domestic power struggles Angélica Durán-Martínez 15 Sharing the load: The distributive nature of the opium trade in, and from, Afghanistan David Mansfield 16 Arms trafficking Nicholas Marsh and Lauren Pinson 17 Reconciling competing policies for combatting wildlife trafficking and preventing zoonotic pandemics Vanda Felbab-Brown 18 Cigarette smuggling: Trends, taxes and big tobacco Max Gallien 19 Theft and smuggling of petroleum products Tim Eaton 20 Old routes, new rules: Smuggling rice in the porous borders of the Sulu, Celebes, and South China Sea Eddie L. Quitoriano 21 The intersections of smuggling flows Annette Idler PART IV Smuggling and mobility 22 Humanitarian smuggling in a time of restricting and criminalizing mobility Ilse van Liempt 23 Migrant smuggling and the social organisation of cross-border mobility Luca Raineri 24 Human smuggling, gender and labour circulation in the Global South Priya Deshingkar 25 Human smuggling in the time of COVID-19: Lessons from a pandemic Lucia Bird Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo PART V Smuggling and conflict 26 The illicit trade and conflict connection: Insights from US history Peter Andreas 27 Smuggling, survival, and civil war economies Aisha Ahmad 28 Checkpost chess: Exploring the relationship between insurgents and illicit trade Shalaka Thakur 29 Rebels, smugglers and (the pitfalls of) economic pacification David Brenner PART VI Addressing smuggling 30 Blue frontiers: In pursuit of smugglers at sea Carina Bruwer 31 Communities and crime wars: Adaptation and resilience Matt Herbert, Tuesday Reitano, and Siria Gastelum Felix 32 The "war on smugglers" and the expansion of the border apparatus Lorena Gazzotti