John Bickle is Professor of Philosophy and Shackouls Honors College Faculty at Mississippi State University and Affiliated Faculty in the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. He is author of four academic books and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience (2009).Carl F. Craver is a Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis. He specializes in the Philosophy of Science and has continuing research activity in the neuropsychology of memory. He is the author of Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience and (with Lindley Darden) In Search of Mechanisms: Discoveries across the Life Sciences. Ann-Sophie Barwich is Assistant Professor at Indiana University Bloomington (Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine; Cognitive Science). She specializes in olfaction as a model for theories of mind and brain. Barwich is the author of Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind (2020).

"This book is a timely contribution to debates surrounding the philosophy of neuroscience in practice. Some bold hypotheses are ventured and defanged; new analyses of concepts are offered that will help us analyse and understand neuroscientific experimentation and explanation; and the analysis of neuroscience—its tools, theories, and concepts—is advanced on multiple fronts."David L. Barack, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

• Foreword Stuart FiresteinEditors’ Introduction John Bickle, Carl F. Craver and Ann-Sophie BarwichSection I: Research Tools in Relation to Theories 1. Tinkering in the Lab John Bickle 2. Tools, experiments and theories: An examination of the role of experiment tools Gregory Johnson 3. Science in practice in neuroscience: The Cincinnati water maze in the making Nina A. Atanasova, Michael T. Williams and Charles V. Voorhees 4. Where molecular science meets perfumery: A behind-the-scenes look at SCAPE microscopy and its theoretical impact on current olfaction Ann-Sophie Barwich and Lu Xu 5. A different role for tinkering: Brain fog, COVID-19, and the accidental nature of Neurobiological Theory Development Valerie Gray Hardcastle and C. Matthew Stewart Section II: Research Tools and Epistemology 6. Dissemination and adaptiveness as key variables in tools that fuel scientific revolutions Alcino J. Silva 7. Towards an epistemology of intervention: Optogenetics and maker’s knowledge Carl F. Craver 8. Triangulating tools in the messiness of cognitive neuroscience Antonella Tramacere 9. Prediction, explanation and the "toolbox" problem Marco J. Nathan Section III: Research Tools, Integration, Circuits and Ontology 10. How do tools obstruct (and facilitate) integration in neuroscience? David J. Colaço11. Understanding brain circuits: do new experimental tools need to address new concepts? David Parker 12. Cognitive ontologies, task ontologies and explanation in cognitive neuroscience Daniel Burnston Section IV: Tools and Integrative Pluralism 13. "It takes two to make a thing go right": The coevolution of technological and mathematical tools in neuroscience Luis Favela 14. Hybrid brains: Interfacing living neurons and circuits with computational models Astrid Prinz Section V: Tool Use and Development Beyond Neuroscience 15. Beyond actual difference making: Causal selections in genetics Janella Baxter

John Bickle is Professor of Philosophy and Shackouls Honors College Faculty at Mississippi State University and Affiliated Faculty in the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. He is author of four academic books and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience (2009).Carl F. Craver is a Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis. He specializes in the Philosophy of Science and has continuing research activity in the neuropsychology of memory. He is the author of Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience and (with Lindley Darden) In Search of Mechanisms: Discoveries across the Life Sciences. Ann-Sophie Barwich is Assistant Professor at Indiana University Bloomington (Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine; Cognitive Science). She specializes in olfaction as a model for theories of mind and brain. Barwich is the author of Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind (2020).

"This book is a timely contribution to debates surrounding the philosophy of neuroscience in practice. Some bold hypotheses are ventured and defanged; new analyses of concepts are offered that will help us analyse and understand neuroscientific experimentation and explanation; and the analysis of neuroscience—its tools, theories, and concepts—is advanced on multiple fronts."David L. Barack, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

• Foreword Stuart FiresteinEditors’ Introduction John Bickle, Carl F. Craver and Ann-Sophie BarwichSection I: Research Tools in Relation to Theories 1. Tinkering in the Lab John Bickle 2. Tools, experiments and theories: An examination of the role of experiment tools Gregory Johnson 3. Science in practice in neuroscience: The Cincinnati water maze in the making Nina A. Atanasova, Michael T. Williams and Charles V. Voorhees 4. Where molecular science meets perfumery: A behind-the-scenes look at SCAPE microscopy and its theoretical impact on current olfaction Ann-Sophie Barwich and Lu Xu 5. A different role for tinkering: Brain fog, COVID-19, and the accidental nature of Neurobiological Theory Development Valerie Gray Hardcastle and C. Matthew Stewart Section II: Research Tools and Epistemology 6. Dissemination and adaptiveness as key variables in tools that fuel scientific revolutions Alcino J. Silva 7. Towards an epistemology of intervention: Optogenetics and maker’s knowledge Carl F. Craver 8. Triangulating tools in the messiness of cognitive neuroscience Antonella Tramacere 9. Prediction, explanation and the "toolbox" problem Marco J. Nathan Section III: Research Tools, Integration, Circuits and Ontology 10. How do tools obstruct (and facilitate) integration in neuroscience? David J. Colaço11. Understanding brain circuits: do new experimental tools need to address new concepts? David Parker 12. Cognitive ontologies, task ontologies and explanation in cognitive neuroscience Daniel Burnston Section IV: Tools and Integrative Pluralism 13. "It takes two to make a thing go right": The coevolution of technological and mathematical tools in neuroscience Luis Favela 14. Hybrid brains: Interfacing living neurons and circuits with computational models Astrid Prinz Section V: Tool Use and Development Beyond Neuroscience 15. Beyond actual difference making: Causal selections in genetics Janella Baxter

John Bickle is Professor of Philosophy and Shackouls Honors College Faculty at Mississippi State University and Affiliated Faculty in the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. He is author of four academic books and editor of The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience (2009).Carl F. Craver is a Professor in the Philosophy Department and the Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis. He specializes in the Philosophy of Science and has continuing research activity in the neuropsychology of memory. He is the author of Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience and (with Lindley Darden) In Search of Mechanisms: Discoveries across the Life Sciences. Ann-Sophie Barwich is Assistant Professor at Indiana University Bloomington (Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine; Cognitive Science). She specializes in olfaction as a model for theories of mind and brain. Barwich is the author of Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind (2020).

"This book is a timely contribution to debates surrounding the philosophy of neuroscience in practice. Some bold hypotheses are ventured and defanged; new analyses of concepts are offered that will help us analyse and understand neuroscientific experimentation and explanation; and the analysis of neuroscience—its tools, theories, and concepts—is advanced on multiple fronts."David L. Barack, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

• Foreword Stuart FiresteinEditors’ Introduction John Bickle, Carl F. Craver and Ann-Sophie BarwichSection I: Research Tools in Relation to Theories 1. Tinkering in the Lab John Bickle 2. Tools, experiments and theories: An examination of the role of experiment tools Gregory Johnson 3. Science in practice in neuroscience: The Cincinnati water maze in the making Nina A. Atanasova, Michael T. Williams and Charles V. Voorhees 4. Where molecular science meets perfumery: A behind-the-scenes look at SCAPE microscopy and its theoretical impact on current olfaction Ann-Sophie Barwich and Lu Xu 5. A different role for tinkering: Brain fog, COVID-19, and the accidental nature of Neurobiological Theory Development Valerie Gray Hardcastle and C. Matthew Stewart Section II: Research Tools and Epistemology 6. Dissemination and adaptiveness as key variables in tools that fuel scientific revolutions Alcino J. Silva 7. Towards an epistemology of intervention: Optogenetics and maker’s knowledge Carl F. Craver 8. Triangulating tools in the messiness of cognitive neuroscience Antonella Tramacere 9. Prediction, explanation and the "toolbox" problem Marco J. Nathan Section III: Research Tools, Integration, Circuits and Ontology 10. How do tools obstruct (and facilitate) integration in neuroscience? David J. Colaço11. Understanding brain circuits: do new experimental tools need to address new concepts? David Parker 12. Cognitive ontologies, task ontologies and explanation in cognitive neuroscience Daniel Burnston Section IV: Tools and Integrative Pluralism 13. "It takes two to make a thing go right": The coevolution of technological and mathematical tools in neuroscience Luis Favela 14. Hybrid brains: Interfacing living neurons and circuits with computational models Astrid Prinz Section V: Tool Use and Development Beyond Neuroscience 15. Beyond actual difference making: Causal selections in genetics Janella Baxter