Michael Raska is Assistant Professor and Coordinator of the Military Transformations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. His research and teaching focus on theoretical and policy-oriented aspects of military innovation, emerging technologies, and East Asian security and defence.Katarzyna Zysk is Professor of International Relations and Contemporary History at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies in Oslo, which is a part of the Norwegian Defence University College in Oslo, Norway. Her research focuses on security, defence, and strategic studies, including Russia’s military strategy and warfare, maritime security and geopolitics in the Arctic, military change, and defence innovation.Ian Bowers is Associate Professor at the Centre for Joint Operations at the Royal Danish Defence College in Copenhagen. His research focuses on the implications of multi-domain operations for small states, the application of seapower, deterrence, and East Asian security.

• Introduction 1. The sixth RMA wave: Disruption in Military Affairs? 2. From closed to open systems: How the US military services pursue innovation 3. Artificial intelligence in China’s revolution in military affairs 4. Defence innovation and the 4th industrial revolution in Russia 5. 4IR technologies in the Israel Defence Forces: blurring traditional boundaries 6. Small states and autonomous systems: the Scandinavian case 7. Not so disruptive after all: The 4IR, navies and the search for sea control

Michael Raska is Assistant Professor and Coordinator of the Military Transformations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. His research and teaching focus on theoretical and policy-oriented aspects of military innovation, emerging technologies, and East Asian security and defence.Katarzyna Zysk is Professor of International Relations and Contemporary History at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies in Oslo, which is a part of the Norwegian Defence University College in Oslo, Norway. Her research focuses on security, defence, and strategic studies, including Russia’s military strategy and warfare, maritime security and geopolitics in the Arctic, military change, and defence innovation.Ian Bowers is Associate Professor at the Centre for Joint Operations at the Royal Danish Defence College in Copenhagen. His research focuses on the implications of multi-domain operations for small states, the application of seapower, deterrence, and East Asian security.

• Introduction 1. The sixth RMA wave: Disruption in Military Affairs? 2. From closed to open systems: How the US military services pursue innovation 3. Artificial intelligence in China’s revolution in military affairs 4. Defence innovation and the 4th industrial revolution in Russia 5. 4IR technologies in the Israel Defence Forces: blurring traditional boundaries 6. Small states and autonomous systems: the Scandinavian case 7. Not so disruptive after all: The 4IR, navies and the search for sea control

Michael Raska is Assistant Professor and Coordinator of the Military Transformations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. His research and teaching focus on theoretical and policy-oriented aspects of military innovation, emerging technologies, and East Asian security and defence.Katarzyna Zysk is Professor of International Relations and Contemporary History at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies in Oslo, which is a part of the Norwegian Defence University College in Oslo, Norway. Her research focuses on security, defence, and strategic studies, including Russia’s military strategy and warfare, maritime security and geopolitics in the Arctic, military change, and defence innovation.Ian Bowers is Associate Professor at the Centre for Joint Operations at the Royal Danish Defence College in Copenhagen. His research focuses on the implications of multi-domain operations for small states, the application of seapower, deterrence, and East Asian security.

• Introduction 1. The sixth RMA wave: Disruption in Military Affairs? 2. From closed to open systems: How the US military services pursue innovation 3. Artificial intelligence in China’s revolution in military affairs 4. Defence innovation and the 4th industrial revolution in Russia 5. 4IR technologies in the Israel Defence Forces: blurring traditional boundaries 6. Small states and autonomous systems: the Scandinavian case 7. Not so disruptive after all: The 4IR, navies and the search for sea control