The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Indexes of Tables, Figures and Maps 4 Editor’s Introduction 5 Part One: Capabilities, Trends and Economics Chapter 1Domain trends 7Defence budgets and expenditure 9Tracked self-propelled artillery: selected current and nextgeneration systems 11Amphibious ship programmes and capabilities 12In-service or in-development bomber aircraft 13 Chapter 2 Defence and military analysis 14 Defence intelligence: Maintaining relevance in the open-source era 14 Simulation and defence: Training benefits and trends 18Military adaptation to climate change: Reducing emissions and maintaining military effectiveness 23 Chapter 3 North America 26 Regional trends in 2021 26Arms procurements and deliveries 42United States: defence policy and economics 28Armed forces data section 45 Canada: defence policy 40Chapter 4 Europe 64 Regional trends in 2021 64United Kingdom: defence policy 79Regional defence policy and economics 66Arms procurements and deliveries 83Spain: defence policy and economics 76Armed forces data section 86 Chapter 5 Russia and Eurasia 164 Regional trends in 2021 164Arms procurements and deliveries 178Russia: defence policy and economics 166Armed forces data section 181 Armenia: defence policy and economics 175Chapter 6 Asia 218 Regional trends in 2021 218Arms procurements and deliveries 244Regional defence policy and economics 220Armed forces data section 247 China: defence policy and economics 233Chapter 7 Middle East and North Africa 318 Regional trends in 2021 318Arms procurements and deliveries 329Regional defence policy and economics 320Armed forces data section 332 Israel: defence policy 327Chapter 8 Latin America and the Caribbean 378 Regional trends in 2021 378Arms procurements and deliveries 390Regional defence policy and economics 380Armed forces data section 392 Colombia: defence policy and economics 387Chapter 9 Sub-Saharan Africa 436 Regional trends in 2021 436South Africa: defence policy 444West Africa: defence policy 438Regional defence economics 445East Africa: defence policy 440Arms procurements and deliveries 450Central and Southern Africa: defence policy 443 Armed forces data section 452 Chapter 10 Military cyber capabilities 507 Part Two Reference Explanatory notes 511 Principal land definitions 515Principal naval definitions 516Principal aviation definitions 517 List of abbreviations for data sections 519 International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel 521 Index of country/territory abbreviations 527 Index of countries and territories 528

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Indexes of Tables, Figures and Maps 4 Editor’s Introduction 5 Part One: Capabilities, Trends and Economics Chapter 1Domain trends 7Defence budgets and expenditure 9Tracked self-propelled artillery: selected current and nextgeneration systems 11Amphibious ship programmes and capabilities 12In-service or in-development bomber aircraft 13 Chapter 2 Defence and military analysis 14 Defence intelligence: Maintaining relevance in the open-source era 14 Simulation and defence: Training benefits and trends 18Military adaptation to climate change: Reducing emissions and maintaining military effectiveness 23 Chapter 3 North America 26 Regional trends in 2021 26Arms procurements and deliveries 42United States: defence policy and economics 28Armed forces data section 45 Canada: defence policy 40Chapter 4 Europe 64 Regional trends in 2021 64United Kingdom: defence policy 79Regional defence policy and economics 66Arms procurements and deliveries 83Spain: defence policy and economics 76Armed forces data section 86 Chapter 5 Russia and Eurasia 164 Regional trends in 2021 164Arms procurements and deliveries 178Russia: defence policy and economics 166Armed forces data section 181 Armenia: defence policy and economics 175Chapter 6 Asia 218 Regional trends in 2021 218Arms procurements and deliveries 244Regional defence policy and economics 220Armed forces data section 247 China: defence policy and economics 233Chapter 7 Middle East and North Africa 318 Regional trends in 2021 318Arms procurements and deliveries 329Regional defence policy and economics 320Armed forces data section 332 Israel: defence policy 327Chapter 8 Latin America and the Caribbean 378 Regional trends in 2021 378Arms procurements and deliveries 390Regional defence policy and economics 380Armed forces data section 392 Colombia: defence policy and economics 387Chapter 9 Sub-Saharan Africa 436 Regional trends in 2021 436South Africa: defence policy 444West Africa: defence policy 438Regional defence economics 445East Africa: defence policy 440Arms procurements and deliveries 450Central and Southern Africa: defence policy 443 Armed forces data section 452 Chapter 10 Military cyber capabilities 507 Part Two Reference Explanatory notes 511 Principal land definitions 515Principal naval definitions 516Principal aviation definitions 517 List of abbreviations for data sections 519 International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel 521 Index of country/territory abbreviations 527 Index of countries and territories 528

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Indexes of Tables, Figures and Maps 4 Editor’s Introduction 5 Part One: Capabilities, Trends and Economics Chapter 1Domain trends 7Defence budgets and expenditure 9Tracked self-propelled artillery: selected current and nextgeneration systems 11Amphibious ship programmes and capabilities 12In-service or in-development bomber aircraft 13 Chapter 2 Defence and military analysis 14 Defence intelligence: Maintaining relevance in the open-source era 14 Simulation and defence: Training benefits and trends 18Military adaptation to climate change: Reducing emissions and maintaining military effectiveness 23 Chapter 3 North America 26 Regional trends in 2021 26Arms procurements and deliveries 42United States: defence policy and economics 28Armed forces data section 45 Canada: defence policy 40Chapter 4 Europe 64 Regional trends in 2021 64United Kingdom: defence policy 79Regional defence policy and economics 66Arms procurements and deliveries 83Spain: defence policy and economics 76Armed forces data section 86 Chapter 5 Russia and Eurasia 164 Regional trends in 2021 164Arms procurements and deliveries 178Russia: defence policy and economics 166Armed forces data section 181 Armenia: defence policy and economics 175Chapter 6 Asia 218 Regional trends in 2021 218Arms procurements and deliveries 244Regional defence policy and economics 220Armed forces data section 247 China: defence policy and economics 233Chapter 7 Middle East and North Africa 318 Regional trends in 2021 318Arms procurements and deliveries 329Regional defence policy and economics 320Armed forces data section 332 Israel: defence policy 327Chapter 8 Latin America and the Caribbean 378 Regional trends in 2021 378Arms procurements and deliveries 390Regional defence policy and economics 380Armed forces data section 392 Colombia: defence policy and economics 387Chapter 9 Sub-Saharan Africa 436 Regional trends in 2021 436South Africa: defence policy 444West Africa: defence policy 438Regional defence economics 445East Africa: defence policy 440Arms procurements and deliveries 450Central and Southern Africa: defence policy 443 Armed forces data section 452 Chapter 10 Military cyber capabilities 507 Part Two Reference Explanatory notes 511 Principal land definitions 515Principal naval definitions 516Principal aviation definitions 517 List of abbreviations for data sections 519 International comparisons of defence expenditure and military personnel 521 Index of country/territory abbreviations 527 Index of countries and territories 528