Evolution of the Gender Pay Gap

Dr Frances Hamilton is an associate professor at the University of Reading and holds a PhD from Northumbria University, MA from the University of Cambridge, together with an LLM from Trinity College Dublin, and she is also a qualified solicitor (non-practising). Her research interests focus on gender and the law. She has been published internationally in Florida, California, Italy, as well as in the UK, including well-known journals, such as The Journal of Legal History and European Human Rights Law Review. She is the lead editor for an edited collection, Same-Sex Relationships, Law and Social Change, Routledge, 2020 ISBN 978-0-367-07609, including contributions from 14 different international authors. Her teaching interests include being a module leader on the law and society first-year optional module and the core second-year European Union law module, which includes focusing on equality and non-discrimination law in a European Union law context.Dr Elisabeth Griffiths is an associate professor, Northumbria Law School, Northumbria University, and an employment law specialist and expert in equality and diversity law and disability legal studies. She is also a qualified solicitor (non-practising). Her research interests focus on equality, fairness, disability, legal education, and phenomenological approaches to legal research. She is a module leader for employment law and law and society modules. She has been published in The Law Teacher, The International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, and the Journal of International and Comparative Law. She has also written about ableism in academia. In 2017, she was nominated to the newly formed Society of Legal Scholars Equality and Diversity Committee, and in January 2020, she took over as the chair. She also sits on the board of the Socio-Legal Scholars Association and is a trustee and social media editor. In September 2021, she was awarded a professional doctorate in law (DLaw) by Northumbria University on the lived experience of disability in law school.

• List of Figures xList of Contributors xiAcknowledgements xviForeword xviiROBIN ALLEN KC AND DAPHNE ROMNEY KCIntroduction: The Evolution of the Gender Pay Gap: A Comparative Perspective 1FRANCES HAMILTONPART ONEWomen in the Workplace, History, Campaigning, and the Future 211 The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919: Its Origins, Passage, and Significance for Working Women 23MARI TAKAYANAGI2 Equal Pay, the Women’s Employment Federation, and the Royal Commission 39ANN MUMFORD3 Combining Work and Care: The Failure of Work–Life Reconciliation Policies 55MEGAN PEARSONPART TWOPersistent Inequalities in the Professions 714 Affect Theory, the Perceived Impact of Judicial Diversity, and the Gender Pay Gap in the Irish Legal Profession 73CAOIMHE KIERNAN5 Speaking in a Different Voice: The Gendered Nature of Promotion Applications 95FRANCES HAMILTON AND ELISABETH GRIFFITHS6 Gender Pay Gap in the Gig Economy 114ANDY NOBLE7 Military Veterans’ Preference: Influence on the Gender Pay Gap in the United States and Beyond 131CORNELIA WEISSPART THREEThe Role of Employers and Corporate Social Responsibility 1518 The Role of Equal Pay Auditing in Resolving Unequal Pay: More Hindrance Than Help? 153ALEX PATRICK9 Corporate Social Responsibility and the Gender Pay Gap in the UK—Beyond the Law 169RACHEL HORTON AND GRAHAM BOXPART FOURInternational Comparisons 18310 Prosecuting Pay Equity in Australia: Evolving Strategies in the Context of Declining Institutional Advantages 185GILLIAN WHITEHOUSE AND MEG SMITH11 The Persistence of Oppression: The US Gender Pay Gap 202LAURA FITZPATRICKThe Intractable Nature of the Gender Pay Gap: A Comparative Perspective—Conclusions and Reflections 220ELISABETH GRIFFITHSIndex 239