Rizwana Abbasi is an associate professor of Security Studies at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Previous publications include Building a Road to Nuclear Disarmament: Bridging the Gap Between Competing Approaches (2021), Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: New Technologies and Challenges to Sustainable Peace (with Zafar Khan, 2020), and Pakistan and the New Nuclear Taboo: Regional Deterrence and the International Arms Control Regime (2012).Muhammad Saeed Uzzaman is a lecturer and PhD scholar at NUML, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. His work has been published in many refereed research journals. He also works as a consultant and has conducted numerous projects in collaboration with various civil society organizations.

• Introduction 1. Nuclear Technologies, Doctrines and Conflict Dynamics (1998–2016) 2. Nuclear Force Modernization and Weapon Asymmetry (1998–2016) 3. Surgical Strike Stratagem: Conflict Dynamics and the Manifestation of Offensive Doctrines (2016–2020) 4. Counterforce Strategies and New Warfare Domain 5. Disruptive Technologies and Erosion of Nuclear Deterrence 6. New Mechanisms for Crisis and Deterrence Stability Conclusion

Rizwana Abbasi is an associate professor of Security Studies at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Previous publications include Building a Road to Nuclear Disarmament: Bridging the Gap Between Competing Approaches (2021), Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: New Technologies and Challenges to Sustainable Peace (with Zafar Khan, 2020), and Pakistan and the New Nuclear Taboo: Regional Deterrence and the International Arms Control Regime (2012).Muhammad Saeed Uzzaman is a lecturer and PhD scholar at NUML, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. His work has been published in many refereed research journals. He also works as a consultant and has conducted numerous projects in collaboration with various civil society organizations.

• Introduction 1. Nuclear Technologies, Doctrines and Conflict Dynamics (1998–2016) 2. Nuclear Force Modernization and Weapon Asymmetry (1998–2016) 3. Surgical Strike Stratagem: Conflict Dynamics and the Manifestation of Offensive Doctrines (2016–2020) 4. Counterforce Strategies and New Warfare Domain 5. Disruptive Technologies and Erosion of Nuclear Deterrence 6. New Mechanisms for Crisis and Deterrence Stability Conclusion

Rizwana Abbasi is an associate professor of Security Studies at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Previous publications include Building a Road to Nuclear Disarmament: Bridging the Gap Between Competing Approaches (2021), Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: New Technologies and Challenges to Sustainable Peace (with Zafar Khan, 2020), and Pakistan and the New Nuclear Taboo: Regional Deterrence and the International Arms Control Regime (2012).Muhammad Saeed Uzzaman is a lecturer and PhD scholar at NUML, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. His work has been published in many refereed research journals. He also works as a consultant and has conducted numerous projects in collaboration with various civil society organizations.

• Introduction 1. Nuclear Technologies, Doctrines and Conflict Dynamics (1998–2016) 2. Nuclear Force Modernization and Weapon Asymmetry (1998–2016) 3. Surgical Strike Stratagem: Conflict Dynamics and the Manifestation of Offensive Doctrines (2016–2020) 4. Counterforce Strategies and New Warfare Domain 5. Disruptive Technologies and Erosion of Nuclear Deterrence 6. New Mechanisms for Crisis and Deterrence Stability Conclusion