Lee Ellis is a semi-retired American researcher whose last position was that of a visiting professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Craig T. Palmer is a semi-retired associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.Rosemary Hopcroft is a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.Anthony W. Hoskin is a professor in the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology at Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA.

• 1. Reproduction, Development and Morphology 2. Anatomical and Physiological Factors 3. Bodily Fluids, Biochemicals, and Biochemical Receptors 4. The Brain: Structure and Functioning 5. Physical Health and Illness 6. Responses to Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors 7. Responses to Stress and to Pain 8. Prenatal Factors

Lee Ellis is a semi-retired American researcher whose last position was that of a visiting professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Craig T. Palmer is a semi-retired associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.Rosemary Hopcroft is a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.Anthony W. Hoskin is a professor in the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology at Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA.

• 1. Reproduction, Development and Morphology 2. Anatomical and Physiological Factors 3. Bodily Fluids, Biochemicals, and Biochemical Receptors 4. The Brain: Structure and Functioning 5. Physical Health and Illness 6. Responses to Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors 7. Responses to Stress and to Pain 8. Prenatal Factors

Lee Ellis is a semi-retired American researcher whose last position was that of a visiting professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Craig T. Palmer is a semi-retired associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.Rosemary Hopcroft is a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.Anthony W. Hoskin is a professor in the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology at Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA.

• 1. Reproduction, Development and Morphology 2. Anatomical and Physiological Factors 3. Bodily Fluids, Biochemicals, and Biochemical Receptors 4. The Brain: Structure and Functioning 5. Physical Health and Illness 6. Responses to Physical and Chemical Environmental Factors 7. Responses to Stress and to Pain 8. Prenatal Factors