Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume II: Cyclones, Trade, Navigation and SocietyAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIPart 1. Early storm theories 1.1 Opposing current theory1. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘On the Influence of the Rotation of the Earth on the Currents of its Atmosphere; Being Outlines of a General Theory of the Winds’, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 11, 1837, pp. 227–31, 353–354, 360-3632. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘Introduction’, in The Law of Storms. [London: G.E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1858]. Second edition, entirely revised and considerably enlarged, by R.H. Scott in 1862, The Law of Storms Considered in Connection with the Ordinary Movements of the Atmosphere1.2 Whirlwind theory3. William Charles Redfield, ‘Remarks on the Prevailing Storms of the Atlantic Coast of the North American States’, American Journal of Science, 20, 1831, pp. 17-23, 27-30, 44-514. William Charles Redfield, ‘Observations on the Storm of December 15, 1839’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 8, 1843, pp. 77–801.3 Convective theory5. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No 1. Theory of Hail’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 17, 1836, pp. 240–2466. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No III. Examination of Hutton’s Redfield’s and Olmstead’s Theories’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 18, 1836, 100–1087. James Pollard Espy, The Philosophy of Storms (Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), pp. v, viii-xxviii1.4 Coriolis effect8. William Ferrel, ‘The Influence of the Earth's Rotation Upon the Relative Motion of Bodies Near Its Surface’, Astronomical Journal, 5, 1858, pp. 97-100Part 2. Ships’ logbooks and storm study2.1 Wind and weather scale9. James Capper, Observations on the Winds and Monsoons; Illustrated with a Chart, and Accompanied with Notes, Geographical and Meteorological (London: Printed by C. Whittingham, 1801), pp. ix-xxviii10. Francis Beaufort’s wind and weather scale in the logbook of HMS Woolwich facing the page dated 13th January 1806. 2.2 Law of storms and British shipping 11. William Reid, An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts, Arranged According to Time and Place, and Hence to Point Out a Cause for the Variable Winds, with the View to Practical Use in Navigation. London: John Weale, 1838), pp. 1-4, 368-38012. Henry Piddington, The Sailor’s Horn-Book for the Law of Storms, being a Practical Exposition of the Theory of the Law of Storms, and its Uses to Mariners of All Classes in All Parts of the World, Shewn by Transparent Storm Cards and Useful Lessons (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1848), pp. 1-21, 64-70, 85-8813. Alexander Thom, An Inquiry into the Nature and Course of Storms in the Indian Ocean, South of the Equator with a view of discovering their origin, extent, rotatory character, rate and direction of progression, barometric depression ... for the practical purpose of enabling ships to ascertain the proximity and relative position of hurricanes ... (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1845), pp. iii-viii, 216-21, 230 14. British Admiralty, Admiralty Instructions for the Government of Her Majesty’s Naval Services (London: Stationery Office, 1844), pp. 172-1732.3 Sailing directions 15. Matthew Fontaine Maury, Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Winds and Currents Charts (Washington, DC: C. Alexander, 1851), pp. 3-14, 54-60, 88-962.4 Rules 16. Charles Meldrum, ‘On the Weather and Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean from the 18th to the 29th of February, 1860’, Proceedings of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius (1861) 5, 1861, pp. 122–123, 156-15817. Charles Meldrum, Notes on the form of Cyclones in the Southern Indian Ocean, and on some of the rules given for avoiding their centres. By C. Meldrum ... Reprinted from the Monthly Notices of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius. [With a plate.] (London: Stationery Office, 1873), pp. 21-2418. Ralph Abercromby, ‘On Meldrum’s Rules for Handling Ships in the Southern Indian Ocean’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 44, 1888, pp. 314–3172.5 Eastern seas 19. William Doberck, The Law of Storms in the Eastern Seas (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Telegraph, 1886)Part 3. Storm forecasts and storm warnings3.1 Forecasts and warnings 20. Robert FitzRoy, 1861. ‘On British Storms’, in Report of the Thirtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Held at Oxford in June and July 1860 (London: John Murray, 1861), pp. 39-44.21. Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot, ‘On Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 83–84.22. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘On Barometric Waves, February 5th 1867’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, 91–93.23. Joseph Baxendell, ‘On the Recent Suspension, by the Board of Trade, of Cautionary Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 41–47 3.2 Galton Report 24. Report of a Committee Appointed to Consider Certain Questions Relating to the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade [the Galton Report] (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1866), pp. 3-29, 31-38Part 4. Popular meteorology4.1 Astrometeorology25. Patrick Murphy, Meteorology Considered in Its Connexion with Astronomy, Climate and Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants Equally with the Seasons and Changes of the Weather (London: Printed for J.R. Bailliere & Co., 1836), pp. 32-3726. Alfred J. Pearce, The Weather Guide Book. A Concise Exposition of Astronomic-Meteorology (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1864), pp. 134-13827. S.M. Saxby, Saxby’s Weather System or Lunar Influence on Weather (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. 2nd ed., 1864), pp. 1-8, 100-1064.2 Almanacs28. Dr. Simmonite's meteorologist, and daily account of the weather: predictions of epidemic diseases, the world's fate this year, and a complete almanack for 1853: containing also, an astronomical aspectarian, excellent guides for farmers, gardeners, astronomers, and botanic practitioners (London: G. Thorper Printer), pp. 5-94.3 Weather Prophecies29. John Frederick William Herschel, 1864. ‘The Weather and Weather Prophets’, in Good Words, 5, 1864, pp. 57–64. Reprinted in John F.W. Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects (New York, London: G. Routledge & sons; Strahan & co, 1871), pp. 142-1574.4 Weather watchers 30. George Mackenzie, The System of the Weather of the British Islands; Discovered in 1816 and 1817 from a Journal Commencing November 1802 (Edinburgh: William Aitken, 1818), pp. ix-xiii, 3-731. Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster, Researches about Atmospheric Phaenomena (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1815), pp. 165-17632. George Augustus Rowell, An Essay on the Cause of Rain and its Allied Phenomena (Oxford: [published and sold by the author], 1859), pp. 1-13, 53-554.5 Amateur societies 33. George J. Symons, ‘History of the English Meteorological Societies’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 7, 1881, pp. 65–95.ReferencesIndex

Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume II: Cyclones, Trade, Navigation and SocietyAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIPart 1. Early storm theories 1.1 Opposing current theory1. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘On the Influence of the Rotation of the Earth on the Currents of its Atmosphere; Being Outlines of a General Theory of the Winds’, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 11, 1837, pp. 227–31, 353–354, 360-3632. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘Introduction’, in The Law of Storms. [London: G.E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1858]. Second edition, entirely revised and considerably enlarged, by R.H. Scott in 1862, The Law of Storms Considered in Connection with the Ordinary Movements of the Atmosphere1.2 Whirlwind theory3. William Charles Redfield, ‘Remarks on the Prevailing Storms of the Atlantic Coast of the North American States’, American Journal of Science, 20, 1831, pp. 17-23, 27-30, 44-514. William Charles Redfield, ‘Observations on the Storm of December 15, 1839’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 8, 1843, pp. 77–801.3 Convective theory5. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No 1. Theory of Hail’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 17, 1836, pp. 240–2466. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No III. Examination of Hutton’s Redfield’s and Olmstead’s Theories’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 18, 1836, 100–1087. James Pollard Espy, The Philosophy of Storms (Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), pp. v, viii-xxviii1.4 Coriolis effect8. William Ferrel, ‘The Influence of the Earth's Rotation Upon the Relative Motion of Bodies Near Its Surface’, Astronomical Journal, 5, 1858, pp. 97-100Part 2. Ships’ logbooks and storm study2.1 Wind and weather scale9. James Capper, Observations on the Winds and Monsoons; Illustrated with a Chart, and Accompanied with Notes, Geographical and Meteorological (London: Printed by C. Whittingham, 1801), pp. ix-xxviii10. Francis Beaufort’s wind and weather scale in the logbook of HMS Woolwich facing the page dated 13th January 1806. 2.2 Law of storms and British shipping 11. William Reid, An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts, Arranged According to Time and Place, and Hence to Point Out a Cause for the Variable Winds, with the View to Practical Use in Navigation. London: John Weale, 1838), pp. 1-4, 368-38012. Henry Piddington, The Sailor’s Horn-Book for the Law of Storms, being a Practical Exposition of the Theory of the Law of Storms, and its Uses to Mariners of All Classes in All Parts of the World, Shewn by Transparent Storm Cards and Useful Lessons (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1848), pp. 1-21, 64-70, 85-8813. Alexander Thom, An Inquiry into the Nature and Course of Storms in the Indian Ocean, South of the Equator with a view of discovering their origin, extent, rotatory character, rate and direction of progression, barometric depression ... for the practical purpose of enabling ships to ascertain the proximity and relative position of hurricanes ... (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1845), pp. iii-viii, 216-21, 230 14. British Admiralty, Admiralty Instructions for the Government of Her Majesty’s Naval Services (London: Stationery Office, 1844), pp. 172-1732.3 Sailing directions 15. Matthew Fontaine Maury, Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Winds and Currents Charts (Washington, DC: C. Alexander, 1851), pp. 3-14, 54-60, 88-962.4 Rules 16. Charles Meldrum, ‘On the Weather and Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean from the 18th to the 29th of February, 1860’, Proceedings of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius (1861) 5, 1861, pp. 122–123, 156-15817. Charles Meldrum, Notes on the form of Cyclones in the Southern Indian Ocean, and on some of the rules given for avoiding their centres. By C. Meldrum ... Reprinted from the Monthly Notices of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius. [With a plate.] (London: Stationery Office, 1873), pp. 21-2418. Ralph Abercromby, ‘On Meldrum’s Rules for Handling Ships in the Southern Indian Ocean’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 44, 1888, pp. 314–3172.5 Eastern seas 19. William Doberck, The Law of Storms in the Eastern Seas (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Telegraph, 1886)Part 3. Storm forecasts and storm warnings3.1 Forecasts and warnings 20. Robert FitzRoy, 1861. ‘On British Storms’, in Report of the Thirtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Held at Oxford in June and July 1860 (London: John Murray, 1861), pp. 39-44.21. Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot, ‘On Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 83–84.22. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘On Barometric Waves, February 5th 1867’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, 91–93.23. Joseph Baxendell, ‘On the Recent Suspension, by the Board of Trade, of Cautionary Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 41–47 3.2 Galton Report 24. Report of a Committee Appointed to Consider Certain Questions Relating to the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade [the Galton Report] (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1866), pp. 3-29, 31-38Part 4. Popular meteorology4.1 Astrometeorology25. Patrick Murphy, Meteorology Considered in Its Connexion with Astronomy, Climate and Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants Equally with the Seasons and Changes of the Weather (London: Printed for J.R. Bailliere & Co., 1836), pp. 32-3726. Alfred J. Pearce, The Weather Guide Book. A Concise Exposition of Astronomic-Meteorology (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1864), pp. 134-13827. S.M. Saxby, Saxby’s Weather System or Lunar Influence on Weather (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. 2nd ed., 1864), pp. 1-8, 100-1064.2 Almanacs28. Dr. Simmonite's meteorologist, and daily account of the weather: predictions of epidemic diseases, the world's fate this year, and a complete almanack for 1853: containing also, an astronomical aspectarian, excellent guides for farmers, gardeners, astronomers, and botanic practitioners (London: G. Thorper Printer), pp. 5-94.3 Weather Prophecies29. John Frederick William Herschel, 1864. ‘The Weather and Weather Prophets’, in Good Words, 5, 1864, pp. 57–64. Reprinted in John F.W. Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects (New York, London: G. Routledge & sons; Strahan & co, 1871), pp. 142-1574.4 Weather watchers 30. George Mackenzie, The System of the Weather of the British Islands; Discovered in 1816 and 1817 from a Journal Commencing November 1802 (Edinburgh: William Aitken, 1818), pp. ix-xiii, 3-731. Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster, Researches about Atmospheric Phaenomena (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1815), pp. 165-17632. George Augustus Rowell, An Essay on the Cause of Rain and its Allied Phenomena (Oxford: [published and sold by the author], 1859), pp. 1-13, 53-554.5 Amateur societies 33. George J. Symons, ‘History of the English Meteorological Societies’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 7, 1881, pp. 65–95.ReferencesIndex

Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume II: Cyclones, Trade, Navigation and SocietyAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIPart 1. Early storm theories 1.1 Opposing current theory1. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘On the Influence of the Rotation of the Earth on the Currents of its Atmosphere; Being Outlines of a General Theory of the Winds’, The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 11, 1837, pp. 227–31, 353–354, 360-3632. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, ‘Introduction’, in The Law of Storms. [London: G.E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, 1858]. Second edition, entirely revised and considerably enlarged, by R.H. Scott in 1862, The Law of Storms Considered in Connection with the Ordinary Movements of the Atmosphere1.2 Whirlwind theory3. William Charles Redfield, ‘Remarks on the Prevailing Storms of the Atlantic Coast of the North American States’, American Journal of Science, 20, 1831, pp. 17-23, 27-30, 44-514. William Charles Redfield, ‘Observations on the Storm of December 15, 1839’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 8, 1843, pp. 77–801.3 Convective theory5. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No 1. Theory of Hail’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 17, 1836, pp. 240–2466. James Pollard Espy, ‘Essays on Meteorology. No III. Examination of Hutton’s Redfield’s and Olmstead’s Theories’, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 18, 1836, 100–1087. James Pollard Espy, The Philosophy of Storms (Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), pp. v, viii-xxviii1.4 Coriolis effect8. William Ferrel, ‘The Influence of the Earth's Rotation Upon the Relative Motion of Bodies Near Its Surface’, Astronomical Journal, 5, 1858, pp. 97-100Part 2. Ships’ logbooks and storm study2.1 Wind and weather scale9. James Capper, Observations on the Winds and Monsoons; Illustrated with a Chart, and Accompanied with Notes, Geographical and Meteorological (London: Printed by C. Whittingham, 1801), pp. ix-xxviii10. Francis Beaufort’s wind and weather scale in the logbook of HMS Woolwich facing the page dated 13th January 1806. 2.2 Law of storms and British shipping 11. William Reid, An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts, Arranged According to Time and Place, and Hence to Point Out a Cause for the Variable Winds, with the View to Practical Use in Navigation. London: John Weale, 1838), pp. 1-4, 368-38012. Henry Piddington, The Sailor’s Horn-Book for the Law of Storms, being a Practical Exposition of the Theory of the Law of Storms, and its Uses to Mariners of All Classes in All Parts of the World, Shewn by Transparent Storm Cards and Useful Lessons (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1848), pp. 1-21, 64-70, 85-8813. Alexander Thom, An Inquiry into the Nature and Course of Storms in the Indian Ocean, South of the Equator with a view of discovering their origin, extent, rotatory character, rate and direction of progression, barometric depression ... for the practical purpose of enabling ships to ascertain the proximity and relative position of hurricanes ... (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1845), pp. iii-viii, 216-21, 230 14. British Admiralty, Admiralty Instructions for the Government of Her Majesty’s Naval Services (London: Stationery Office, 1844), pp. 172-1732.3 Sailing directions 15. Matthew Fontaine Maury, Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Winds and Currents Charts (Washington, DC: C. Alexander, 1851), pp. 3-14, 54-60, 88-962.4 Rules 16. Charles Meldrum, ‘On the Weather and Hurricanes in the Indian Ocean from the 18th to the 29th of February, 1860’, Proceedings of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius (1861) 5, 1861, pp. 122–123, 156-15817. Charles Meldrum, Notes on the form of Cyclones in the Southern Indian Ocean, and on some of the rules given for avoiding their centres. By C. Meldrum ... Reprinted from the Monthly Notices of the Meteorological Society of Mauritius. [With a plate.] (London: Stationery Office, 1873), pp. 21-2418. Ralph Abercromby, ‘On Meldrum’s Rules for Handling Ships in the Southern Indian Ocean’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 44, 1888, pp. 314–3172.5 Eastern seas 19. William Doberck, The Law of Storms in the Eastern Seas (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Telegraph, 1886)Part 3. Storm forecasts and storm warnings3.1 Forecasts and warnings 20. Robert FitzRoy, 1861. ‘On British Storms’, in Report of the Thirtieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Held at Oxford in June and July 1860 (London: John Murray, 1861), pp. 39-44.21. Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot, ‘On Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 83–84.22. John Frederick William Herschel, ‘On Barometric Waves, February 5th 1867’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, 91–93.23. Joseph Baxendell, ‘On the Recent Suspension, by the Board of Trade, of Cautionary Storm Warnings’, Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 6, 1867, pp. 41–47 3.2 Galton Report 24. Report of a Committee Appointed to Consider Certain Questions Relating to the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade [the Galton Report] (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1866), pp. 3-29, 31-38Part 4. Popular meteorology4.1 Astrometeorology25. Patrick Murphy, Meteorology Considered in Its Connexion with Astronomy, Climate and Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants Equally with the Seasons and Changes of the Weather (London: Printed for J.R. Bailliere & Co., 1836), pp. 32-3726. Alfred J. Pearce, The Weather Guide Book. A Concise Exposition of Astronomic-Meteorology (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1864), pp. 134-13827. S.M. Saxby, Saxby’s Weather System or Lunar Influence on Weather (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green. 2nd ed., 1864), pp. 1-8, 100-1064.2 Almanacs28. Dr. Simmonite's meteorologist, and daily account of the weather: predictions of epidemic diseases, the world's fate this year, and a complete almanack for 1853: containing also, an astronomical aspectarian, excellent guides for farmers, gardeners, astronomers, and botanic practitioners (London: G. Thorper Printer), pp. 5-94.3 Weather Prophecies29. John Frederick William Herschel, 1864. ‘The Weather and Weather Prophets’, in Good Words, 5, 1864, pp. 57–64. Reprinted in John F.W. Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects (New York, London: G. Routledge & sons; Strahan & co, 1871), pp. 142-1574.4 Weather watchers 30. George Mackenzie, The System of the Weather of the British Islands; Discovered in 1816 and 1817 from a Journal Commencing November 1802 (Edinburgh: William Aitken, 1818), pp. ix-xiii, 3-731. Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster, Researches about Atmospheric Phaenomena (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 1815), pp. 165-17632. George Augustus Rowell, An Essay on the Cause of Rain and its Allied Phenomena (Oxford: [published and sold by the author], 1859), pp. 1-13, 53-554.5 Amateur societies 33. George J. Symons, ‘History of the English Meteorological Societies’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 7, 1881, pp. 65–95.ReferencesIndex