Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume III: Meteorology and ReligionAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIIPart 1. The Jesuits and cyclone prediction1.1 Secchi Meteorograph1. Angelo Secchi, ‘Descrizione di un meteorografo, ossia registratore meteorologico universale all’Osservatorio’, in Memorie dell’Osservatorio del Collegio Romano, 1857–59 (Roma: Tip. Delle Belle Arti, 1859), pp. 1, 81.2 Typhoons2. Federico Faura, 1882. Señales precursoras de temporal en el Archipiélago Filipino (Manila: El Comercio), reproduced and translated into English as ‘Signs preceding typhoons in the Philippine Islands’, in Elihu Root, Authority of P. Faura. Practical Instructions for the Certain Use of This Sign, pp. 305-3073. José Algué, The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 11-22, 24-30, 35-39, 41-43, 46, 49-50, 89-91, 97-102, 114-116, 123-124, 130, 140-146, 237-238, 243-2464. Louis Froc, Typhoon Highways in the Far East (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, Tou-sè-wè Orphan Asylum; Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1896), pp. 1-6, 11-14, 28-32, 33-401.3 Hurricanes5. Benito Viñes, Apuntes relativos a los huracanes de Las Antillas en septiembre y octubre de 1875 y 76 (Habana: El Iris, 1877), trans. Georges L. Dyer, Practical Hints in Regard to West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: US Hydrographic Office, 1885), pp. 5-15Part 2. Correlation and prediction2.1 Unity of forces6. Angelo Secchi, L’unità delle forze fisiche saggio di filosofia naturale (Roma: Tipografia Forense, 1864), pp. iii-vii, 1-2.2 Clouds 7. Benito Viñes, Investigaciones relativas a la circulación y traslación ciclónica de los huracanes (Habana: Imprenta del Avisador Comercial, 1895), trans. Carlos Finlay. 1898. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1898).8. Marc Dechevrens, Mouvements des couches élevées de l'atmosphère a Zi-Ka-Wei, déterminés par la direction des cirri (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, 1885), pp. 1-2, 5-6, 159. William Clement Ley, ‘Clouds and Weather Signs’, Modern Meteorology, 1879, pp. 102-136.10. William Clement Ley, Cloudland: A Study on the Structure and Characters of Clouds (London: Stanford, 1894), pp. vii-ix, 21-32, 201-2052.3 Earthquakes and the weather 11. Enrique Cappelletti, Opinion on the improbability of the earthquake announced in Mexico for the 10th of August (Puebla de los Ángeles: Imprenta del Colegio P. de Artes, 1887), pp. 3-9, 11-1312. José Algué, ‘Microseismic Movements as an Indirect Precursory Sign of a Cyclone’, in The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 184-187Part 3. Clergymen, Quakers and observations3.1 Royal Meteorological Society13. Joseph Bancroft Reade, ‘Observations and Experiments on the Solar Rays that Occasion Heat…’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 3, 1830, p. 457 [Communicated by John George Children]14. Charles Lowndes, ‘An Account of the Hartwell Rectory Observatory’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 14, 1854, pp. 161-163. 15. Leonard Blomefield, 1858. Observations in meteorology: relating to temperature, the winds, atmospheric pressure, the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, weather-changes, etc : being chiefly the results of a meteorological journal kept for nineteen years at Swaffham Bullbeck, in Cambridgeshire, and serving as a guide to the climate of that part of England. London: John Van Voorst, 1858), pp. 324-3573.2 Quakers 16. Luke Howard, On the Modifications of Clouds (London: J. Taylor, 1804), pp. 3-1417. John Fletcher Miller, ‘On the Meteorology of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland [Abstract]’, Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London,5, 757, 1843-1850, pp. 816-8173.3 Observatories18. Stephen J. Perry, 1880. ‘L'Observatoire de Stonyhurst’, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 4, 147, pp. 281-285, 28719. Thomas Romney Robinson, ‘Description of an Improved Anemometer for Registering the Direction of the Wind, and the Space Which It Traverses in Given Intervals of Time’, The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 22, 1849, pp. 155-160, 166-1673.4 Cyclone model20. William Clement Ley, ‘The Relation Between the Upper and Under Currents of the Atmosphere Around Areas of Barometric Depressions’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 3, 1877, pp. 437-44521. Marc Dechevrens, ‘On Vertical Currents in Cyclones’, American Meteorological Journal, 1886, 3, 4, 170-174, 176-179, 182-184. PART 4Weather Prognostics, Faith and Empiria 4.1 Natural Theology 22. William Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London: W. Pickering, 1833), pp. v-vii, 1-14, 54-62 4.2 Popular weather prognostics23. Charles Clouston, An Explanation of the Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland on Scientific Principles (Edinburgh: privately printed, 1867), pp. 8-304.3 Scripture24. Alexander MacLeod, Scripture, Meteorology, and Modern Science (Glasgow: George Baillie, 1867), pp. 3-6, 235-244 4.4 Meteorological Spectroscopy 25. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Spectroscopic prévision of Rain with a High Barometer’, Nature, 12, 299, 1875, pp. 231–232.26. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Meteorological Spectroscopy in the Small and Rough’, Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 14, 1870-1877, pp. 29–34. 27. Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900), ‘Cloud Forms at Clova, Ripon, 1892-1895’ReferencesIndex

Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume III: Meteorology and ReligionAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIIPart 1. The Jesuits and cyclone prediction1.1 Secchi Meteorograph1. Angelo Secchi, ‘Descrizione di un meteorografo, ossia registratore meteorologico universale all’Osservatorio’, in Memorie dell’Osservatorio del Collegio Romano, 1857–59 (Roma: Tip. Delle Belle Arti, 1859), pp. 1, 81.2 Typhoons2. Federico Faura, 1882. Señales precursoras de temporal en el Archipiélago Filipino (Manila: El Comercio), reproduced and translated into English as ‘Signs preceding typhoons in the Philippine Islands’, in Elihu Root, Authority of P. Faura. Practical Instructions for the Certain Use of This Sign, pp. 305-3073. José Algué, The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 11-22, 24-30, 35-39, 41-43, 46, 49-50, 89-91, 97-102, 114-116, 123-124, 130, 140-146, 237-238, 243-2464. Louis Froc, Typhoon Highways in the Far East (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, Tou-sè-wè Orphan Asylum; Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1896), pp. 1-6, 11-14, 28-32, 33-401.3 Hurricanes5. Benito Viñes, Apuntes relativos a los huracanes de Las Antillas en septiembre y octubre de 1875 y 76 (Habana: El Iris, 1877), trans. Georges L. Dyer, Practical Hints in Regard to West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: US Hydrographic Office, 1885), pp. 5-15Part 2. Correlation and prediction2.1 Unity of forces6. Angelo Secchi, L’unità delle forze fisiche saggio di filosofia naturale (Roma: Tipografia Forense, 1864), pp. iii-vii, 1-2.2 Clouds 7. Benito Viñes, Investigaciones relativas a la circulación y traslación ciclónica de los huracanes (Habana: Imprenta del Avisador Comercial, 1895), trans. Carlos Finlay. 1898. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1898).8. Marc Dechevrens, Mouvements des couches élevées de l'atmosphère a Zi-Ka-Wei, déterminés par la direction des cirri (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, 1885), pp. 1-2, 5-6, 159. William Clement Ley, ‘Clouds and Weather Signs’, Modern Meteorology, 1879, pp. 102-136.10. William Clement Ley, Cloudland: A Study on the Structure and Characters of Clouds (London: Stanford, 1894), pp. vii-ix, 21-32, 201-2052.3 Earthquakes and the weather 11. Enrique Cappelletti, Opinion on the improbability of the earthquake announced in Mexico for the 10th of August (Puebla de los Ángeles: Imprenta del Colegio P. de Artes, 1887), pp. 3-9, 11-1312. José Algué, ‘Microseismic Movements as an Indirect Precursory Sign of a Cyclone’, in The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 184-187Part 3. Clergymen, Quakers and observations3.1 Royal Meteorological Society13. Joseph Bancroft Reade, ‘Observations and Experiments on the Solar Rays that Occasion Heat…’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 3, 1830, p. 457 [Communicated by John George Children]14. Charles Lowndes, ‘An Account of the Hartwell Rectory Observatory’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 14, 1854, pp. 161-163. 15. Leonard Blomefield, 1858. Observations in meteorology: relating to temperature, the winds, atmospheric pressure, the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, weather-changes, etc : being chiefly the results of a meteorological journal kept for nineteen years at Swaffham Bullbeck, in Cambridgeshire, and serving as a guide to the climate of that part of England. London: John Van Voorst, 1858), pp. 324-3573.2 Quakers 16. Luke Howard, On the Modifications of Clouds (London: J. Taylor, 1804), pp. 3-1417. John Fletcher Miller, ‘On the Meteorology of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland [Abstract]’, Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London,5, 757, 1843-1850, pp. 816-8173.3 Observatories18. Stephen J. Perry, 1880. ‘L'Observatoire de Stonyhurst’, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 4, 147, pp. 281-285, 28719. Thomas Romney Robinson, ‘Description of an Improved Anemometer for Registering the Direction of the Wind, and the Space Which It Traverses in Given Intervals of Time’, The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 22, 1849, pp. 155-160, 166-1673.4 Cyclone model20. William Clement Ley, ‘The Relation Between the Upper and Under Currents of the Atmosphere Around Areas of Barometric Depressions’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 3, 1877, pp. 437-44521. Marc Dechevrens, ‘On Vertical Currents in Cyclones’, American Meteorological Journal, 1886, 3, 4, 170-174, 176-179, 182-184. PART 4Weather Prognostics, Faith and Empiria 4.1 Natural Theology 22. William Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London: W. Pickering, 1833), pp. v-vii, 1-14, 54-62 4.2 Popular weather prognostics23. Charles Clouston, An Explanation of the Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland on Scientific Principles (Edinburgh: privately printed, 1867), pp. 8-304.3 Scripture24. Alexander MacLeod, Scripture, Meteorology, and Modern Science (Glasgow: George Baillie, 1867), pp. 3-6, 235-244 4.4 Meteorological Spectroscopy 25. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Spectroscopic prévision of Rain with a High Barometer’, Nature, 12, 299, 1875, pp. 231–232.26. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Meteorological Spectroscopy in the Small and Rough’, Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 14, 1870-1877, pp. 29–34. 27. Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900), ‘Cloud Forms at Clova, Ripon, 1892-1895’ReferencesIndex

Aitor Anduaga is a scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century science, who has specialized in the history of social, ideological and cultural dimensions of meteorology and geophysical sciences in general.

• Volume III: Meteorology and ReligionAcknowledgmentsGeneral IntroductionIntroduction to Volume IIIPart 1. The Jesuits and cyclone prediction1.1 Secchi Meteorograph1. Angelo Secchi, ‘Descrizione di un meteorografo, ossia registratore meteorologico universale all’Osservatorio’, in Memorie dell’Osservatorio del Collegio Romano, 1857–59 (Roma: Tip. Delle Belle Arti, 1859), pp. 1, 81.2 Typhoons2. Federico Faura, 1882. Señales precursoras de temporal en el Archipiélago Filipino (Manila: El Comercio), reproduced and translated into English as ‘Signs preceding typhoons in the Philippine Islands’, in Elihu Root, Authority of P. Faura. Practical Instructions for the Certain Use of This Sign, pp. 305-3073. José Algué, The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 11-22, 24-30, 35-39, 41-43, 46, 49-50, 89-91, 97-102, 114-116, 123-124, 130, 140-146, 237-238, 243-2464. Louis Froc, Typhoon Highways in the Far East (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, Tou-sè-wè Orphan Asylum; Shanghai, Kelly & Walsh, 1896), pp. 1-6, 11-14, 28-32, 33-401.3 Hurricanes5. Benito Viñes, Apuntes relativos a los huracanes de Las Antillas en septiembre y octubre de 1875 y 76 (Habana: El Iris, 1877), trans. Georges L. Dyer, Practical Hints in Regard to West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: US Hydrographic Office, 1885), pp. 5-15Part 2. Correlation and prediction2.1 Unity of forces6. Angelo Secchi, L’unità delle forze fisiche saggio di filosofia naturale (Roma: Tipografia Forense, 1864), pp. iii-vii, 1-2.2 Clouds 7. Benito Viñes, Investigaciones relativas a la circulación y traslación ciclónica de los huracanes (Habana: Imprenta del Avisador Comercial, 1895), trans. Carlos Finlay. 1898. Investigation of the Cyclonic Circulation and the Translatory Movement of West Indian Hurricanes (Washington, D.C.: Weather Bureau, 1898).8. Marc Dechevrens, Mouvements des couches élevées de l'atmosphère a Zi-Ka-Wei, déterminés par la direction des cirri (Zi-ka-wei: Catholic Mission Press, 1885), pp. 1-2, 5-6, 159. William Clement Ley, ‘Clouds and Weather Signs’, Modern Meteorology, 1879, pp. 102-136.10. William Clement Ley, Cloudland: A Study on the Structure and Characters of Clouds (London: Stanford, 1894), pp. vii-ix, 21-32, 201-2052.3 Earthquakes and the weather 11. Enrique Cappelletti, Opinion on the improbability of the earthquake announced in Mexico for the 10th of August (Puebla de los Ángeles: Imprenta del Colegio P. de Artes, 1887), pp. 3-9, 11-1312. José Algué, ‘Microseismic Movements as an Indirect Precursory Sign of a Cyclone’, in The Cyclones of the Far East (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 2nd rev. ed., 1904), pp. 184-187Part 3. Clergymen, Quakers and observations3.1 Royal Meteorological Society13. Joseph Bancroft Reade, ‘Observations and Experiments on the Solar Rays that Occasion Heat…’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 3, 1830, p. 457 [Communicated by John George Children]14. Charles Lowndes, ‘An Account of the Hartwell Rectory Observatory’, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 14, 1854, pp. 161-163. 15. Leonard Blomefield, 1858. Observations in meteorology: relating to temperature, the winds, atmospheric pressure, the aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, weather-changes, etc : being chiefly the results of a meteorological journal kept for nineteen years at Swaffham Bullbeck, in Cambridgeshire, and serving as a guide to the climate of that part of England. London: John Van Voorst, 1858), pp. 324-3573.2 Quakers 16. Luke Howard, On the Modifications of Clouds (London: J. Taylor, 1804), pp. 3-1417. John Fletcher Miller, ‘On the Meteorology of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland [Abstract]’, Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London,5, 757, 1843-1850, pp. 816-8173.3 Observatories18. Stephen J. Perry, 1880. ‘L'Observatoire de Stonyhurst’, Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles 4, 147, pp. 281-285, 28719. Thomas Romney Robinson, ‘Description of an Improved Anemometer for Registering the Direction of the Wind, and the Space Which It Traverses in Given Intervals of Time’, The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 22, 1849, pp. 155-160, 166-1673.4 Cyclone model20. William Clement Ley, ‘The Relation Between the Upper and Under Currents of the Atmosphere Around Areas of Barometric Depressions’, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 3, 1877, pp. 437-44521. Marc Dechevrens, ‘On Vertical Currents in Cyclones’, American Meteorological Journal, 1886, 3, 4, 170-174, 176-179, 182-184. PART 4Weather Prognostics, Faith and Empiria 4.1 Natural Theology 22. William Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London: W. Pickering, 1833), pp. v-vii, 1-14, 54-62 4.2 Popular weather prognostics23. Charles Clouston, An Explanation of the Popular Weather Prognostics of Scotland on Scientific Principles (Edinburgh: privately printed, 1867), pp. 8-304.3 Scripture24. Alexander MacLeod, Scripture, Meteorology, and Modern Science (Glasgow: George Baillie, 1867), pp. 3-6, 235-244 4.4 Meteorological Spectroscopy 25. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Spectroscopic prévision of Rain with a High Barometer’, Nature, 12, 299, 1875, pp. 231–232.26. Charles Piazzi Smyth, ‘Meteorological Spectroscopy in the Small and Rough’, Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, 14, 1870-1877, pp. 29–34. 27. Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819-1900), ‘Cloud Forms at Clova, Ripon, 1892-1895’ReferencesIndex