Lungile Augustine Tshuma is Researcher at the Centre for Communication and Culture, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Portugal. He holds a Ph.D. in journalism studies from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He has worked at the University of Johannesburg as a Senior Post-Doctoral Researcher. Lungile’s research interests are in photography, memory and journalism.Trust Matsilele is Senior Lecturer in the College of English and Media, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom. He publishes in the areas of changing journalism ecologies, social media and protest cultures and the intersection of education and technology. Matsilele holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from the University of Johannesburg.Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga is Senior Post Doctoral Fellow at the Johannesburg Institute of Advanced Study (JIAS). South Africa. He completed his Ph.D. in 2022. Previously, Mbongeni was a recipient for the Canon Collins Sol Plaatje scholarship. Mbongeni’s research interests are Journalism Practice, Digital Cultures and Social Media Activism, Cultural Studies.Sadia Jamil is Assistant Professor and Director of Research at the School of International Communications, the University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. She is also the Director of Institute of Mobile Studies at UNNC. She earned a Ph.D. in Journalism (University of Queensland, Australia). She has taught courses at the Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi and in the past, at the University of Queensland, Australia.

This is an urgent and necessary research into the traumatic experiences of African journalists today. Every journalism scholar and practicing journalist will find the different case studies contained in this book, not only heart wrenching, but also illuminating of the crisis of offline and online harassment, even as regimes in Africa are becoming more repressive and enacting laws that make journalism practice difficult. This volume will contribute to raising awareness, shaping the narratives, and providing tools to policymakers in addressing this contemporary pandemic within and across newsrooms.Carol Azungi Dralega, Professor, Department of Journalism, Media and Communication, NLA University College, NorwayIf journalism acts as the bellwether of any given society’s political and social health, then the circumstances under which journalists work require sustained attention. This edited collection draws on case studies to highlight the myriad ways in which journalists in Africa continue to experience harassment from state and non-state actors, online and offline. It is a welcome and fresh addition to fledgling research on journalism and society in the African context.Wallace Chuma, Associate Professor, Media Studies, UCT, South Africa. Editor, African Journalism Studies

• Chapter 1: ‘Defence-less Defenders’: Mapping Harassment in African JournalismSection 1: Harassment of Female Journalists Chapter 2: “There Were no Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued”: Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists’ Chapter 3: Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarised Context in Mozambique: A Forgotten Issue? Chapter 4: Emergent Forms and Patterns of Online Harassment of Women Journalists in African countries: A Scoping Review Chapter 5: Gendered Threats and Attacks In and Outside the Newsroom: Nigerian Female Journalists’ Experiences with Harassment Chapter 6: Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment and Feminist Media Politics Section 2: Online Harassment of Journalists and the Pitfalls for DemocracyChapter 7: Independent Online Journalists’ Harassment and the Emotional Repercussions: A Case of Selected Zimbabwean Journalists Chapter 8: Journalists’ Repression, Harassment and Attacks in Eswatini and Botswana Chapter 9: Harassment and Threats Faced by Journalists in Kenya: Implications for Press Freedom and Independent Reporting Chapter 10: The Cost of Dissent in a Governance System Characterized by ‘Political Marketplace’: A Phenomenological Study of Independent Journalists in Ethiopia Chapter 11: Outsourcing Repression: Impunity and Harassment of Journalists in Malawi Section 3: Journalists Safety and Coping MechanismsChapter 12: Coping into Self-Censorship: Exploring coping strategies of journalists working in South Sudan Chapter 13: Safety of journalists during elections coverage in Zimbabwe Chapter 14: Time to Act: Measures of Curbing Harassment of Journalists in African Newsrooms

Lungile Augustine Tshuma is Researcher at the Centre for Communication and Culture, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Portugal. He holds a Ph.D. in journalism studies from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He has worked at the University of Johannesburg as a Senior Post-Doctoral Researcher. Lungile’s research interests are in photography, memory and journalism.Trust Matsilele is Senior Lecturer in the College of English and Media, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom. He publishes in the areas of changing journalism ecologies, social media and protest cultures and the intersection of education and technology. Matsilele holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from the University of Johannesburg.Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga is Senior Post Doctoral Fellow at the Johannesburg Institute of Advanced Study (JIAS). South Africa. He completed his Ph.D. in 2022. Previously, Mbongeni was a recipient for the Canon Collins Sol Plaatje scholarship. Mbongeni’s research interests are Journalism Practice, Digital Cultures and Social Media Activism, Cultural Studies.Sadia Jamil is Assistant Professor and Director of Research at the School of International Communications, the University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. She is also the Director of Institute of Mobile Studies at UNNC. She earned a Ph.D. in Journalism (University of Queensland, Australia). She has taught courses at the Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi and in the past, at the University of Queensland, Australia.

This is an urgent and necessary research into the traumatic experiences of African journalists today. Every journalism scholar and practicing journalist will find the different case studies contained in this book, not only heart wrenching, but also illuminating of the crisis of offline and online harassment, even as regimes in Africa are becoming more repressive and enacting laws that make journalism practice difficult. This volume will contribute to raising awareness, shaping the narratives, and providing tools to policymakers in addressing this contemporary pandemic within and across newsrooms.Carol Azungi Dralega, Professor, Department of Journalism, Media and Communication, NLA University College, NorwayIf journalism acts as the bellwether of any given society’s political and social health, then the circumstances under which journalists work require sustained attention. This edited collection draws on case studies to highlight the myriad ways in which journalists in Africa continue to experience harassment from state and non-state actors, online and offline. It is a welcome and fresh addition to fledgling research on journalism and society in the African context.Wallace Chuma, Associate Professor, Media Studies, UCT, South Africa. Editor, African Journalism Studies

• Chapter 1: ‘Defence-less Defenders’: Mapping Harassment in African JournalismSection 1: Harassment of Female Journalists Chapter 2: “There Were no Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued”: Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists’ Chapter 3: Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarised Context in Mozambique: A Forgotten Issue? Chapter 4: Emergent Forms and Patterns of Online Harassment of Women Journalists in African countries: A Scoping Review Chapter 5: Gendered Threats and Attacks In and Outside the Newsroom: Nigerian Female Journalists’ Experiences with Harassment Chapter 6: Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment and Feminist Media Politics Section 2: Online Harassment of Journalists and the Pitfalls for DemocracyChapter 7: Independent Online Journalists’ Harassment and the Emotional Repercussions: A Case of Selected Zimbabwean Journalists Chapter 8: Journalists’ Repression, Harassment and Attacks in Eswatini and Botswana Chapter 9: Harassment and Threats Faced by Journalists in Kenya: Implications for Press Freedom and Independent Reporting Chapter 10: The Cost of Dissent in a Governance System Characterized by ‘Political Marketplace’: A Phenomenological Study of Independent Journalists in Ethiopia Chapter 11: Outsourcing Repression: Impunity and Harassment of Journalists in Malawi Section 3: Journalists Safety and Coping MechanismsChapter 12: Coping into Self-Censorship: Exploring coping strategies of journalists working in South Sudan Chapter 13: Safety of journalists during elections coverage in Zimbabwe Chapter 14: Time to Act: Measures of Curbing Harassment of Journalists in African Newsrooms

Lungile Augustine Tshuma is Researcher at the Centre for Communication and Culture, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Portugal. He holds a Ph.D. in journalism studies from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He has worked at the University of Johannesburg as a Senior Post-Doctoral Researcher. Lungile’s research interests are in photography, memory and journalism.Trust Matsilele is Senior Lecturer in the College of English and Media, Birmingham City University, United Kingdom. He publishes in the areas of changing journalism ecologies, social media and protest cultures and the intersection of education and technology. Matsilele holds a Ph.D. in Communication Studies from the University of Johannesburg.Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga is Senior Post Doctoral Fellow at the Johannesburg Institute of Advanced Study (JIAS). South Africa. He completed his Ph.D. in 2022. Previously, Mbongeni was a recipient for the Canon Collins Sol Plaatje scholarship. Mbongeni’s research interests are Journalism Practice, Digital Cultures and Social Media Activism, Cultural Studies.Sadia Jamil is Assistant Professor and Director of Research at the School of International Communications, the University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China. She is also the Director of Institute of Mobile Studies at UNNC. She earned a Ph.D. in Journalism (University of Queensland, Australia). She has taught courses at the Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi and in the past, at the University of Queensland, Australia.

This is an urgent and necessary research into the traumatic experiences of African journalists today. Every journalism scholar and practicing journalist will find the different case studies contained in this book, not only heart wrenching, but also illuminating of the crisis of offline and online harassment, even as regimes in Africa are becoming more repressive and enacting laws that make journalism practice difficult. This volume will contribute to raising awareness, shaping the narratives, and providing tools to policymakers in addressing this contemporary pandemic within and across newsrooms.Carol Azungi Dralega, Professor, Department of Journalism, Media and Communication, NLA University College, NorwayIf journalism acts as the bellwether of any given society’s political and social health, then the circumstances under which journalists work require sustained attention. This edited collection draws on case studies to highlight the myriad ways in which journalists in Africa continue to experience harassment from state and non-state actors, online and offline. It is a welcome and fresh addition to fledgling research on journalism and society in the African context.Wallace Chuma, Associate Professor, Media Studies, UCT, South Africa. Editor, African Journalism Studies

• Chapter 1: ‘Defence-less Defenders’: Mapping Harassment in African JournalismSection 1: Harassment of Female Journalists Chapter 2: “There Were no Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued”: Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists’ Chapter 3: Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarised Context in Mozambique: A Forgotten Issue? Chapter 4: Emergent Forms and Patterns of Online Harassment of Women Journalists in African countries: A Scoping Review Chapter 5: Gendered Threats and Attacks In and Outside the Newsroom: Nigerian Female Journalists’ Experiences with Harassment Chapter 6: Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment and Feminist Media Politics Section 2: Online Harassment of Journalists and the Pitfalls for DemocracyChapter 7: Independent Online Journalists’ Harassment and the Emotional Repercussions: A Case of Selected Zimbabwean Journalists Chapter 8: Journalists’ Repression, Harassment and Attacks in Eswatini and Botswana Chapter 9: Harassment and Threats Faced by Journalists in Kenya: Implications for Press Freedom and Independent Reporting Chapter 10: The Cost of Dissent in a Governance System Characterized by ‘Political Marketplace’: A Phenomenological Study of Independent Journalists in Ethiopia Chapter 11: Outsourcing Repression: Impunity and Harassment of Journalists in Malawi Section 3: Journalists Safety and Coping MechanismsChapter 12: Coping into Self-Censorship: Exploring coping strategies of journalists working in South Sudan Chapter 13: Safety of journalists during elections coverage in Zimbabwe Chapter 14: Time to Act: Measures of Curbing Harassment of Journalists in African Newsrooms