Nasr Muhammad Arif is Visiting Professor at University of St Andrews, UK, and Professor of Political Science at Cairo University in Egypt. He served as Professor of Islamic Studies and founding Executive Director of the Institute for Islamic World Studies at Zayed University, UAE. He has published many works on political and social development, Islamic thought and movement, and Muslim culture and adaptations in English and Arabic. His works have been published in Arabic and translated into English, Spanish, Hungarian, Kurdish, Persian, Indonesian, and Urdu. His research concentrates on Islamic traditions and political thought, the history of Islamic cultures, political development, and comparative political systems. He received a PhD degree in political science, in 1995, from Cairo University, Egypt, and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.Shaojin Chai is a faculty member of the Department of International Relations at the University of Sharjah, UAE. Previously, he taught international relations courses at Zayed University in the UAE and was a nonresidential research fellow on Islamic studies at Hebei University in China. He has also served as a senior research fellow and adviser in the UAE Ministry of Culture & Knowledge Development and an international think tank. He has published articles and book chapters on Chinese global ethics and governance, China–Middle East relations and soft power, and Islam in China. He is a co-editor of Zhenghe Forum: Connecting China and Muslim World (2016) and a co-author of “Chinese Muslim Diaspora Communities and the Role of International Islamic Education Networks: A Case Study of Dubai” in Chinese Religions Going Global (2021). He received his PhD inpolitical science from the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana USA, in 2014.

• List of Figures ixList of Contributors xIntroduction 1Nasr M. Arif and Shaojin ChaiPART ITheological Paradigms, Intellectual History, and Identity Choice 171 Constructing Chinese Islamic Thought and Classics: Dialogue and Paradigms 19Zhou Chuanbin and Shaojin Chai2 Bridging Belief and Belonging: A History of Chinese Muslim Intellectual and Theological Traditions 36James D. Frankel3 Past and Present: Intermarriage Between Hui and Han in the Sinicization of Islam 57He JiaPART IIChinese Muslims’ Relations With State and Society 734 The Role of Chinese Muslims in Administrative and Military Affairs: Historical Assessment and Contemporary Implications 75Zhang Zhihua5 Halal Food in China: Defining and Bridging Communities 95Michael C. Brose6 From Domestic Middleman Minority to International Intermediary: The Hui’s Role as a Soft Power in the Belt and Road Initiative 117Ma Qiang7 Shared History and Cultural Complexity: Communal Relations Between Chinese Muslims and Their Neighbors in Yunnan 139Ma XuefengPART IIIArchitecture, Arts, and New Cultures 1578 Mosques in China: Contentious Structures and Competing Identities 159Yuting Wang9 Sinicization of Islam in China: Food, Clothing, and Daily Life 186Ma Jianfu10 A Brief History of Islamic Education in China 205Jacqueline ArmijoIndex 219

Nasr Muhammad Arif is Visiting Professor at University of St Andrews, UK, and Professor of Political Science at Cairo University in Egypt. He served as Professor of Islamic Studies and founding Executive Director of the Institute for Islamic World Studies at Zayed University, UAE. He has published many works on political and social development, Islamic thought and movement, and Muslim culture and adaptations in English and Arabic. His works have been published in Arabic and translated into English, Spanish, Hungarian, Kurdish, Persian, Indonesian, and Urdu. His research concentrates on Islamic traditions and political thought, the history of Islamic cultures, political development, and comparative political systems. He received a PhD degree in political science, in 1995, from Cairo University, Egypt, and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.Shaojin Chai is a faculty member of the Department of International Relations at the University of Sharjah, UAE. Previously, he taught international relations courses at Zayed University in the UAE and was a nonresidential research fellow on Islamic studies at Hebei University in China. He has also served as a senior research fellow and adviser in the UAE Ministry of Culture & Knowledge Development and an international think tank. He has published articles and book chapters on Chinese global ethics and governance, China–Middle East relations and soft power, and Islam in China. He is a co-editor of Zhenghe Forum: Connecting China and Muslim World (2016) and a co-author of “Chinese Muslim Diaspora Communities and the Role of International Islamic Education Networks: A Case Study of Dubai” in Chinese Religions Going Global (2021). He received his PhD inpolitical science from the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana USA, in 2014.

• List of Figures ixList of Contributors xIntroduction 1Nasr M. Arif and Shaojin ChaiPART ITheological Paradigms, Intellectual History, and Identity Choice 171 Constructing Chinese Islamic Thought and Classics: Dialogue and Paradigms 19Zhou Chuanbin and Shaojin Chai2 Bridging Belief and Belonging: A History of Chinese Muslim Intellectual and Theological Traditions 36James D. Frankel3 Past and Present: Intermarriage Between Hui and Han in the Sinicization of Islam 57He JiaPART IIChinese Muslims’ Relations With State and Society 734 The Role of Chinese Muslims in Administrative and Military Affairs: Historical Assessment and Contemporary Implications 75Zhang Zhihua5 Halal Food in China: Defining and Bridging Communities 95Michael C. Brose6 From Domestic Middleman Minority to International Intermediary: The Hui’s Role as a Soft Power in the Belt and Road Initiative 117Ma Qiang7 Shared History and Cultural Complexity: Communal Relations Between Chinese Muslims and Their Neighbors in Yunnan 139Ma XuefengPART IIIArchitecture, Arts, and New Cultures 1578 Mosques in China: Contentious Structures and Competing Identities 159Yuting Wang9 Sinicization of Islam in China: Food, Clothing, and Daily Life 186Ma Jianfu10 A Brief History of Islamic Education in China 205Jacqueline ArmijoIndex 219

Nasr Muhammad Arif is Visiting Professor at University of St Andrews, UK, and Professor of Political Science at Cairo University in Egypt. He served as Professor of Islamic Studies and founding Executive Director of the Institute for Islamic World Studies at Zayed University, UAE. He has published many works on political and social development, Islamic thought and movement, and Muslim culture and adaptations in English and Arabic. His works have been published in Arabic and translated into English, Spanish, Hungarian, Kurdish, Persian, Indonesian, and Urdu. His research concentrates on Islamic traditions and political thought, the history of Islamic cultures, political development, and comparative political systems. He received a PhD degree in political science, in 1995, from Cairo University, Egypt, and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.Shaojin Chai is a faculty member of the Department of International Relations at the University of Sharjah, UAE. Previously, he taught international relations courses at Zayed University in the UAE and was a nonresidential research fellow on Islamic studies at Hebei University in China. He has also served as a senior research fellow and adviser in the UAE Ministry of Culture & Knowledge Development and an international think tank. He has published articles and book chapters on Chinese global ethics and governance, China–Middle East relations and soft power, and Islam in China. He is a co-editor of Zhenghe Forum: Connecting China and Muslim World (2016) and a co-author of “Chinese Muslim Diaspora Communities and the Role of International Islamic Education Networks: A Case Study of Dubai” in Chinese Religions Going Global (2021). He received his PhD inpolitical science from the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana USA, in 2014.

• List of Figures ixList of Contributors xIntroduction 1Nasr M. Arif and Shaojin ChaiPART ITheological Paradigms, Intellectual History, and Identity Choice 171 Constructing Chinese Islamic Thought and Classics: Dialogue and Paradigms 19Zhou Chuanbin and Shaojin Chai2 Bridging Belief and Belonging: A History of Chinese Muslim Intellectual and Theological Traditions 36James D. Frankel3 Past and Present: Intermarriage Between Hui and Han in the Sinicization of Islam 57He JiaPART IIChinese Muslims’ Relations With State and Society 734 The Role of Chinese Muslims in Administrative and Military Affairs: Historical Assessment and Contemporary Implications 75Zhang Zhihua5 Halal Food in China: Defining and Bridging Communities 95Michael C. Brose6 From Domestic Middleman Minority to International Intermediary: The Hui’s Role as a Soft Power in the Belt and Road Initiative 117Ma Qiang7 Shared History and Cultural Complexity: Communal Relations Between Chinese Muslims and Their Neighbors in Yunnan 139Ma XuefengPART IIIArchitecture, Arts, and New Cultures 1578 Mosques in China: Contentious Structures and Competing Identities 159Yuting Wang9 Sinicization of Islam in China: Food, Clothing, and Daily Life 186Ma Jianfu10 A Brief History of Islamic Education in China 205Jacqueline ArmijoIndex 219