Abhishek Singh is a distinguished officer of the 1995 batch of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), and currently serves as Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. With nearly three decades of experience in governance, policy formulation and administration, he specializes in leveraging technology to enhance governance and public service delivery. As Additional Secretary, he holds responsibilities including Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity, and Digital Skilling with additional charge of CEO of IndiaAI Mission.An alumnus of IIT Kanpur, where he earned a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering, Singh furthered his education with a Master’s in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School as a Mason Fellow. Over the years, he has held several key positions, including CEO of Karmayogi Bharat, MyGov and the National e-Governance Division (NeGD). His leadership has been instrumental in implementing landmark initiatives, such as CoWIN, DigiLocker and DIKSHA. At the state level, he was with the Government of Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh and was responsible for implementing development schemes at the grassroots level, ensuring law andorder as also for collecting revenues for the States.Balaraman Ravindran heads the Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence and the Centre for Responsible AI at IIT Madras, the leading interdisciplinary AI research centre in India. He is the Mindtree Faculty Fellow and Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Madras. He is the premier Deep Reinforcement Learning Expert and among the top three Machine Learning Experts in India. He has been elected as ACM Distinguished Member (2021) for his significant contributions to computing. He has been recognized, in 2020, as a senior member of the Association for Advancement of AI (AAAI) for his long-standing contributions to AI. He is also the co-director of the Prathap Subrahmanyam Centre for Digital Intelligence, Secure Hardware and Architecture (PSC-DISHA) and the Reconfigurable and Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) group at IIT Madras.He has been closely collaborating with various industrial research labs, such as Google Research, Intel Research, Ericsson R&D, and many more, working on applications of AI techniques to solve difficult real-world problems. He received his PhD from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and his Master’s in research degree from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has more than two decades of research experience in AI and ML, specifically, Reinforcement Learning. He has held visiting positions at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; and Google Research. Currently, his research interests are centred on learning from and through interactions and span the areas of geometric deep learning and reinforcement learning.

• Preface ...................................................................................................................... viiAbout the Editors ...................................................................................................... ixList of Contributors ................................................................................................... xiChapter 1 Raising a Global Standard in the Procurement of ArtificialIntelligence and Automated Decision Systems .................................... 1Gisele Waters and Cari MillerChapter 2 Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)for Training Machine Learning (ML) Models ................................... 35Shyam Sundaram, Kapil Vaswani, Gaurav Agarwal,Sunu Engineer, and AVS SridharChapter 3 Generative AI Governance: Technological Monoculture, MarketStructure and the Risk of Correlated Failures.................................... 48Ramayya Krishnan, Prasanna Parasurama, Joao Sedoc, andArun SundararajanChapter 4 Empowering Citizens through Responsible AI Governance:Policy Recommendations for Public Algorithm Registers .................51Jens Meijen and Niharika GujelaChapter 5 Responsible Adoption of Cloud-Based Artificial Intelligencein Health Care: A Validation Case Study of Multiple ArtificialIntelligence Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Screeningin Public Health Settings .................................................................... 62Mona Duggal, Anshul Chauhan, Ankita Kankaria, Preeti Syal,Vishali Gupta, Priyanka Verma, Vaibhav Miglani,Deepmala Budhija, and Luke ValeChapter 6 Participation in AI: Notes from the Trenches .................................... 72Tarunima Prabhakar, Cheshta Arora, and Arnav AroraChapter 7 Risk Assessment Methodology for AI Regulation andNavigating Liability Determination in an AI-Driven World:A Policy Paper on Risk Assessment ................................................... 87Aditya Mohan and Karthik SatishkumarChapter 8 Harnessing the Potential of AI for Indian Agriculture: Using“Bhashini” as a Tool to Deploy Responsible AI and Increasethe Uptake of AI Applications Among Farmers ...............................119Abhishek Raj, Harsh Singh, and Anshul PachouriChapter 9 Regional Inequities in Extraction and Flow of ResourcesThat Support and Power the Design, Development andAccess to AI: Lessons from the Global South ..................................129Saikat Datta, Shachi Solanki, and Anand VenkatanaryananChapter 10 Assessing the Trustworthiness of Generative AI Used inHigher Education ...............................................................................144Adarsh Srivastava, Gokul Gawande, Divya Dwivedi,Manu Dev, Vinayak Kottawar, Ishwar Chavhan, andRoberto V. ZicariChapter 11 Actionable Ethics: From Philosophical Principles toOperational Initiatives for Responsible AI Projects in thePublic Sector in the French Context ..................................................155Anthéa Serafin, Lisa Fériol, and Bertrand MonthubertChapter 12 Supporting AI at Scale in the APEC Region throughInternational Standards .....................................................................167Aurelie Jacquet, Karen Batt, and Jesse RiddellChapter 13 Suggested Framework for Improved Algorithmic Auditingin India ..............................................................................................186Harsh Lailer, Gadamsetti Srija, Aseem Saxena, andAgrima LailerChapter 14 Artificial Intelligence, Government, and Challenges: InitialInsights from Rwanda’s Mbaza AI-Chatbot Project ........................ 200Lea Gimpel and Keegan McBrideIndex .......................................................................................................................211

Abhishek Singh is a distinguished officer of the 1995 batch of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), and currently serves as Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. With nearly three decades of experience in governance, policy formulation and administration, he specializes in leveraging technology to enhance governance and public service delivery. As Additional Secretary, he holds responsibilities including Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity, and Digital Skilling with additional charge of CEO of IndiaAI Mission.An alumnus of IIT Kanpur, where he earned a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering, Singh furthered his education with a Master’s in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School as a Mason Fellow. Over the years, he has held several key positions, including CEO of Karmayogi Bharat, MyGov and the National e-Governance Division (NeGD). His leadership has been instrumental in implementing landmark initiatives, such as CoWIN, DigiLocker and DIKSHA. At the state level, he was with the Government of Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh and was responsible for implementing development schemes at the grassroots level, ensuring law andorder as also for collecting revenues for the States.Balaraman Ravindran heads the Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence and the Centre for Responsible AI at IIT Madras, the leading interdisciplinary AI research centre in India. He is the Mindtree Faculty Fellow and Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Madras. He is the premier Deep Reinforcement Learning Expert and among the top three Machine Learning Experts in India. He has been elected as ACM Distinguished Member (2021) for his significant contributions to computing. He has been recognized, in 2020, as a senior member of the Association for Advancement of AI (AAAI) for his long-standing contributions to AI. He is also the co-director of the Prathap Subrahmanyam Centre for Digital Intelligence, Secure Hardware and Architecture (PSC-DISHA) and the Reconfigurable and Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) group at IIT Madras.He has been closely collaborating with various industrial research labs, such as Google Research, Intel Research, Ericsson R&D, and many more, working on applications of AI techniques to solve difficult real-world problems. He received his PhD from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and his Master’s in research degree from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has more than two decades of research experience in AI and ML, specifically, Reinforcement Learning. He has held visiting positions at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; and Google Research. Currently, his research interests are centred on learning from and through interactions and span the areas of geometric deep learning and reinforcement learning.

• Preface ...................................................................................................................... viiAbout the Editors ...................................................................................................... ixList of Contributors ................................................................................................... xiChapter 1 Raising a Global Standard in the Procurement of ArtificialIntelligence and Automated Decision Systems .................................... 1Gisele Waters and Cari MillerChapter 2 Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)for Training Machine Learning (ML) Models ................................... 35Shyam Sundaram, Kapil Vaswani, Gaurav Agarwal,Sunu Engineer, and AVS SridharChapter 3 Generative AI Governance: Technological Monoculture, MarketStructure and the Risk of Correlated Failures.................................... 48Ramayya Krishnan, Prasanna Parasurama, Joao Sedoc, andArun SundararajanChapter 4 Empowering Citizens through Responsible AI Governance:Policy Recommendations for Public Algorithm Registers .................51Jens Meijen and Niharika GujelaChapter 5 Responsible Adoption of Cloud-Based Artificial Intelligencein Health Care: A Validation Case Study of Multiple ArtificialIntelligence Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Screeningin Public Health Settings .................................................................... 62Mona Duggal, Anshul Chauhan, Ankita Kankaria, Preeti Syal,Vishali Gupta, Priyanka Verma, Vaibhav Miglani,Deepmala Budhija, and Luke ValeChapter 6 Participation in AI: Notes from the Trenches .................................... 72Tarunima Prabhakar, Cheshta Arora, and Arnav AroraChapter 7 Risk Assessment Methodology for AI Regulation andNavigating Liability Determination in an AI-Driven World:A Policy Paper on Risk Assessment ................................................... 87Aditya Mohan and Karthik SatishkumarChapter 8 Harnessing the Potential of AI for Indian Agriculture: Using“Bhashini” as a Tool to Deploy Responsible AI and Increasethe Uptake of AI Applications Among Farmers ...............................119Abhishek Raj, Harsh Singh, and Anshul PachouriChapter 9 Regional Inequities in Extraction and Flow of ResourcesThat Support and Power the Design, Development andAccess to AI: Lessons from the Global South ..................................129Saikat Datta, Shachi Solanki, and Anand VenkatanaryananChapter 10 Assessing the Trustworthiness of Generative AI Used inHigher Education ...............................................................................144Adarsh Srivastava, Gokul Gawande, Divya Dwivedi,Manu Dev, Vinayak Kottawar, Ishwar Chavhan, andRoberto V. ZicariChapter 11 Actionable Ethics: From Philosophical Principles toOperational Initiatives for Responsible AI Projects in thePublic Sector in the French Context ..................................................155Anthéa Serafin, Lisa Fériol, and Bertrand MonthubertChapter 12 Supporting AI at Scale in the APEC Region throughInternational Standards .....................................................................167Aurelie Jacquet, Karen Batt, and Jesse RiddellChapter 13 Suggested Framework for Improved Algorithmic Auditingin India ..............................................................................................186Harsh Lailer, Gadamsetti Srija, Aseem Saxena, andAgrima LailerChapter 14 Artificial Intelligence, Government, and Challenges: InitialInsights from Rwanda’s Mbaza AI-Chatbot Project ........................ 200Lea Gimpel and Keegan McBrideIndex .......................................................................................................................211

Abhishek Singh is a distinguished officer of the 1995 batch of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), and currently serves as Additional Secretary in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. With nearly three decades of experience in governance, policy formulation and administration, he specializes in leveraging technology to enhance governance and public service delivery. As Additional Secretary, he holds responsibilities including Artificial Intelligence, Emerging Technologies, Cybersecurity, and Digital Skilling with additional charge of CEO of IndiaAI Mission.An alumnus of IIT Kanpur, where he earned a B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering, Singh furthered his education with a Master’s in Public Administration from the Harvard Kennedy School as a Mason Fellow. Over the years, he has held several key positions, including CEO of Karmayogi Bharat, MyGov and the National e-Governance Division (NeGD). His leadership has been instrumental in implementing landmark initiatives, such as CoWIN, DigiLocker and DIKSHA. At the state level, he was with the Government of Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh and was responsible for implementing development schemes at the grassroots level, ensuring law andorder as also for collecting revenues for the States.Balaraman Ravindran heads the Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence and the Centre for Responsible AI at IIT Madras, the leading interdisciplinary AI research centre in India. He is the Mindtree Faculty Fellow and Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Madras. He is the premier Deep Reinforcement Learning Expert and among the top three Machine Learning Experts in India. He has been elected as ACM Distinguished Member (2021) for his significant contributions to computing. He has been recognized, in 2020, as a senior member of the Association for Advancement of AI (AAAI) for his long-standing contributions to AI. He is also the co-director of the Prathap Subrahmanyam Centre for Digital Intelligence, Secure Hardware and Architecture (PSC-DISHA) and the Reconfigurable and Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) group at IIT Madras.He has been closely collaborating with various industrial research labs, such as Google Research, Intel Research, Ericsson R&D, and many more, working on applications of AI techniques to solve difficult real-world problems. He received his PhD from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst and his Master’s in research degree from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has more than two decades of research experience in AI and ML, specifically, Reinforcement Learning. He has held visiting positions at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; and Google Research. Currently, his research interests are centred on learning from and through interactions and span the areas of geometric deep learning and reinforcement learning.

• Preface ...................................................................................................................... viiAbout the Editors ...................................................................................................... ixList of Contributors ................................................................................................... xiChapter 1 Raising a Global Standard in the Procurement of ArtificialIntelligence and Automated Decision Systems .................................... 1Gisele Waters and Cari MillerChapter 2 Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA)for Training Machine Learning (ML) Models ................................... 35Shyam Sundaram, Kapil Vaswani, Gaurav Agarwal,Sunu Engineer, and AVS SridharChapter 3 Generative AI Governance: Technological Monoculture, MarketStructure and the Risk of Correlated Failures.................................... 48Ramayya Krishnan, Prasanna Parasurama, Joao Sedoc, andArun SundararajanChapter 4 Empowering Citizens through Responsible AI Governance:Policy Recommendations for Public Algorithm Registers .................51Jens Meijen and Niharika GujelaChapter 5 Responsible Adoption of Cloud-Based Artificial Intelligencein Health Care: A Validation Case Study of Multiple ArtificialIntelligence Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Screeningin Public Health Settings .................................................................... 62Mona Duggal, Anshul Chauhan, Ankita Kankaria, Preeti Syal,Vishali Gupta, Priyanka Verma, Vaibhav Miglani,Deepmala Budhija, and Luke ValeChapter 6 Participation in AI: Notes from the Trenches .................................... 72Tarunima Prabhakar, Cheshta Arora, and Arnav AroraChapter 7 Risk Assessment Methodology for AI Regulation andNavigating Liability Determination in an AI-Driven World:A Policy Paper on Risk Assessment ................................................... 87Aditya Mohan and Karthik SatishkumarChapter 8 Harnessing the Potential of AI for Indian Agriculture: Using“Bhashini” as a Tool to Deploy Responsible AI and Increasethe Uptake of AI Applications Among Farmers ...............................119Abhishek Raj, Harsh Singh, and Anshul PachouriChapter 9 Regional Inequities in Extraction and Flow of ResourcesThat Support and Power the Design, Development andAccess to AI: Lessons from the Global South ..................................129Saikat Datta, Shachi Solanki, and Anand VenkatanaryananChapter 10 Assessing the Trustworthiness of Generative AI Used inHigher Education ...............................................................................144Adarsh Srivastava, Gokul Gawande, Divya Dwivedi,Manu Dev, Vinayak Kottawar, Ishwar Chavhan, andRoberto V. ZicariChapter 11 Actionable Ethics: From Philosophical Principles toOperational Initiatives for Responsible AI Projects in thePublic Sector in the French Context ..................................................155Anthéa Serafin, Lisa Fériol, and Bertrand MonthubertChapter 12 Supporting AI at Scale in the APEC Region throughInternational Standards .....................................................................167Aurelie Jacquet, Karen Batt, and Jesse RiddellChapter 13 Suggested Framework for Improved Algorithmic Auditingin India ..............................................................................................186Harsh Lailer, Gadamsetti Srija, Aseem Saxena, andAgrima LailerChapter 14 Artificial Intelligence, Government, and Challenges: InitialInsights from Rwanda’s Mbaza AI-Chatbot Project ........................ 200Lea Gimpel and Keegan McBrideIndex .......................................................................................................................211