Giliberto Capano is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Bologna, Italy.Jonathan Craft is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, at the University of Toronto, Canada.Michael Howlett is the Burnaby Mountain Professor and Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in the Department of Political Science at Simon Fraser University, Canada.

“The Routledge Handbook of Policy Advisory Systems is a wonderfully structured compendium, with contributions from leaders in the field of public policy. Every chapter offers excellent insights. This agenda-setting work is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand advisory systems, the pressures on them, and where new research will make the biggest splash.”Michael Mintrom, Director of Better Governance and Policy, Monash University, Australia“The Routledge Handbook of Policy Advisory Systems offers a much-needed overview and critical discussion on the state of conceptual and empirical research on policy advisory systems. It not only provides an excellent overview of key concepts and debates but also a valuable addition and fresh reflections to ongoing discussions. I particularly appreciate the mix and diversity of contributors and contributions covering a wide range of topics, actors, political and policy contexts. Overall, the Handbook is the ultimate reference source for any scholar or student of policy advisory processes and systems.”Denitsa Marchevska, KU Leuven, Belgium“The Routledge Handbook of Policy Advisory Systems offers excellent coverage of conceptual foundations of policy advisory systems, systems observed in different governance arrangements, and key contemporary considerations relating to the sources and assessment of policy advice. Among its contributions to the policy process literature, the Handbook showcases the potential of engaging in systematic, comparative analyses of how policy advisory structures materialize, evolve, and influence activities spanning the public policy process. In doing so, the Handbook will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, students, and practitioners for many years to come.”Saba Siddiki, Director of Center for Policy Design and Governance, Syracuse University, USA“This handbook is a lighthouse for all who seek to understand the multifaceted nature of policy advisory systems. It stands out for its systematic comparative approach, which combines cross-countries, multilevel and perspectives over time. By connecting empirical insights with conceptual discussions and an outlook on future developments, this handbook will significantly shape policy (advisory) research in the decades to come.”Sabine Kuhlmann, University of Potsdam, Germany"This handbook provides the concepts, evidence, and analytical clarity needed to understand, critique, and ultimately improve the vital systems through which societies seek to advise their rulers. It is, without reservation, a mandatory addition to the library of anyone serious about the study of public policy."Mehdi Khosravi, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

• Introduction - Policy Advisory Systems: Research Agendas and Comparative Approaches Part 1: Policy Advisory Systems in a Changing World: Concepts, Importance and The State of the Research Section I - Introduction (Background and Problematic) 1. A Diversifying Market for Public Policy Advice: Demand, Supply and the Challenges of AI-Generated Government Advice 2. Policy Advice and the Public Service in a Changing World 3. Citizens as Policy Advisors: Public Opinion as Policy Advice 4. The State of the Art of Policy Advisory System Research: Mapping of Performance, Themes, and Key Actors of the Field Part 2: Policy Advisory System Basics: Composition, Location and Dynamics Section I: PAS Composition: The Nature of Policy Experts and Policy Advice 5. Location and Content in Policy Advisory Systems 6. Actors in Policy Advisory Systems: Instrument Constituencies, Epistemic Communities 7. Policy Advice by Bureaucrats 8. The Role and Types of Expert Bodies in Policy Advisory Systems Section II - PAS Locations: National, Sub-National and International 9. Moving beyond Westminster: Expansion and comparison in the study of national policy advisory systems 10. Why Study Sub-national Policy Advisory Systems? 11. Policy advisory systems at the nexus between policy areas 12. How Do International Bureaucrats Affect Policy Outputs? Studying Administrative Influence Strategies in International Organizations Section III - Changes in PAS Membership and Activities 13. Policy Advisory System Dynamics: Changes in the Nature of Policy Advisors and Advice in Contemporary Government 14. Political demand and policy advice: A framework for analysis 15. Ideational change in Policy Advisory Systems: The role of external advisors in fostering professional expertise in Public Administration 16. The governance of policy advisory systems: Comparison of OECD countries Part 3: PAS Trends: Politization, Externalization and Internationalization Section I - Politicization: Changes in PAS Components 17. Ministerial Advisers and Policy Advisory Systems 18. The ‘mixed bag’ of ministerial advisers: Reflecting on their role profiles in the policy advisory system 19. The Hearts and Brains of Policy Advisory Systems: Ministerial Advisers, Ministerial Offices and Executive Triangles 20. Public inquiries as advisory policy tools Section II - Externalization: Changes in Non-State Actors 21. Externalization of policy advice: From inside to outside government (and back?) 22. Think tanks and strategic policy-making: The contribution of think tanks to policy advisory systems 23. Professionals in global tax battles: Powering ideas through expertise 24. Academics in the Policy Advisory System: Evidence from a Survey of Canadian Universities Section III - Internationalization: The Changing Role of International Organizations in PAS 25. The role of the International Monetary Fund in policy advisory systems 26. The boundary work of international organizations: Exclusive expertise 27. The OECD’s Emulationist and the World Bank’s Universalist Approach to Policy Brokerage: A Matter of Style 28. The Demand for Advice at the European Union Level: Policy Advice Politicization in the European Commission Part 4: Variations and Developments in National Structure and Behavior Section I – PAS in Higher Capacity Countries 29. Transformation in Whitehall policy advice systems? Learning from three decades of reform 30. Policy Advise Paradoxes in France: So many advisors, experts and courtesans speaking (un-)true to power in a vertical ‘republican monarchy’ 31. Dynamics of change in internal policy advisory systems: The hybridization of advisory capacities in Germany 32. Providing Advice to Australian Government Section II - Cases of Lower Capacity Countries 33. The Involution of Policy Advisory System in Russia: Formation, Development, and Degradation 34 The Iranian Policy Advisory System: Marginal Externalization and Political Conservatism 35. Policy Advisory System in Turkey: Policy Advice in an Authoritarian Setting 36. Knowledge representation of national expert and advisory committees in China Part 5: Future Trends in PAS Research and Practice Section I - Issues in PAS Management and Quality 37. Theorizing PAS Management: New Directions and Old Haunts 38. Understanding the connection between government and policy advisory bodies at arm’s length: Contested Autonomy 39. Features informing the development of an optimal policy advisory system: Based on the best available advice? 40. What Makes a Good Policy Advice System? The Effects of Exit, Voice and Loyalty on Advisory System Diversity Section II – Future Issues in PAS Research 41. Tempo, Intensity, and Sequence in Policy Advisory Systems: In Search of More Nuanced Dynamics 42. The Challenges of Policy Advice in Turbulent Era: Legitimacy, Values and Politics 43. Advising Ministers in the digital era 44. Reconsidering advice and advisory systems in the governance era