Carol S. Leonard is Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford, UK, and the former Director of the Center for Russian Studies, International Laboratory: Russia’s Historical Legacies and Regional Development at the Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow.Daniel Orlovsky is Emeritus Professor of History at Southern Methodist University.Jurej Petrov is Director of the Institute of Russian History at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

• List of Contributors viiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xviiPreface xviiiCAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIIntroduction: Interpreting the Russian Revolution of 1917 11 Introduction—Reflections on the Russian Revolution 3DANIEL ORLOVSKY2 The Great Russian Revolution, 1917–1922, and Problems of Historical Memory 12JUREJ PETROVIISelected Western Revisionist Interpretations and Their Critics 173 How to End the Revolution: A Problem for Revolutionaries, Their Successors and Historians 19SHEILA FITZPATRICK4 More Lessons of October 29RONALD GRIGOR SUNY5 Soviet History Framework for Assessing the Russian Revolution 36ROBERT SERVICE6 The Politics of National History: Russia’s Ruling Elite and the Centenary of 1917 51JAMES RYANIIIThe Major Soviet-era and Post-Soviet Russian Perspectives 737 From a National Celebration to an Inconvenient Past: Revolution of 1917 in Commemorative Practices and Policies and Annual Celebrations (1918–2017) 75VITALIY TIKHONOV8 Post-Soviet Writing About the October Revolution 97VLADIMIR P. BULDAKOV9 Culture in Revolution—Revolution in Culture 109TATIANA A. FILIPPOVAIVNew Approaches: “Leap Not the Landing” 12510 The Revolution We Have Lost: 1917 as Future Possibility 127MARK D. STEINBERG11 Living Politics: The Kollektiv-Model and the Bolshevik Revolution 139ANDY WILLIMOTT12 Psychological and Emotional Experience in the Russian Revolution 158VLADISLAV B. AKSENOV13 Gender Images in the Russian Revolution: Backward Women and Forward Men in Iconic Perspective, 1919–1923 176ELIZABETH A. WOODStrategic Space During the Revolution 19114 Building Soviet Democracy, Breeding Communist Dictatorship: Rise of the Party-State Apparatus, 1917–1923 193LARA DOUDS15 Railroads and Strikes in Russia, 1894–1904: Revolution in Times of Railroad Building 212CAROL S. LEONARD, ZAFAR NAZAROV, LEONID BORODKIN, ROMAN B. KONCHAKOV AND MARIA KARPENKOContinuum of Crisis 24516 Governing Revolution in Russia in 1917 and in the 1990s: Comparative Political Economy 247VLADIMIR MAU AND CAROL S. LEONARDImpact Assessment 26517 Two Octobers 267ROBERT A. ROSENSTONE18 Hitler, Stalin, or Roosevelt? Which Faces of the 1930s Will We See in the 2020s? 283JACK A. GOLDSTONEConclusion 295CAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIndex 298

Carol S. Leonard is Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford, UK, and the former Director of the Center for Russian Studies, International Laboratory: Russia’s Historical Legacies and Regional Development at the Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow.Daniel Orlovsky is Emeritus Professor of History at Southern Methodist University.Jurej Petrov is Director of the Institute of Russian History at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

• List of Contributors viiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xviiPreface xviiiCAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIIntroduction: Interpreting the Russian Revolution of 1917 11 Introduction—Reflections on the Russian Revolution 3DANIEL ORLOVSKY2 The Great Russian Revolution, 1917–1922, and Problems of Historical Memory 12JUREJ PETROVIISelected Western Revisionist Interpretations and Their Critics 173 How to End the Revolution: A Problem for Revolutionaries, Their Successors and Historians 19SHEILA FITZPATRICK4 More Lessons of October 29RONALD GRIGOR SUNY5 Soviet History Framework for Assessing the Russian Revolution 36ROBERT SERVICE6 The Politics of National History: Russia’s Ruling Elite and the Centenary of 1917 51JAMES RYANIIIThe Major Soviet-era and Post-Soviet Russian Perspectives 737 From a National Celebration to an Inconvenient Past: Revolution of 1917 in Commemorative Practices and Policies and Annual Celebrations (1918–2017) 75VITALIY TIKHONOV8 Post-Soviet Writing About the October Revolution 97VLADIMIR P. BULDAKOV9 Culture in Revolution—Revolution in Culture 109TATIANA A. FILIPPOVAIVNew Approaches: “Leap Not the Landing” 12510 The Revolution We Have Lost: 1917 as Future Possibility 127MARK D. STEINBERG11 Living Politics: The Kollektiv-Model and the Bolshevik Revolution 139ANDY WILLIMOTT12 Psychological and Emotional Experience in the Russian Revolution 158VLADISLAV B. AKSENOV13 Gender Images in the Russian Revolution: Backward Women and Forward Men in Iconic Perspective, 1919–1923 176ELIZABETH A. WOODStrategic Space During the Revolution 19114 Building Soviet Democracy, Breeding Communist Dictatorship: Rise of the Party-State Apparatus, 1917–1923 193LARA DOUDS15 Railroads and Strikes in Russia, 1894–1904: Revolution in Times of Railroad Building 212CAROL S. LEONARD, ZAFAR NAZAROV, LEONID BORODKIN, ROMAN B. KONCHAKOV AND MARIA KARPENKOContinuum of Crisis 24516 Governing Revolution in Russia in 1917 and in the 1990s: Comparative Political Economy 247VLADIMIR MAU AND CAROL S. LEONARDImpact Assessment 26517 Two Octobers 267ROBERT A. ROSENSTONE18 Hitler, Stalin, or Roosevelt? Which Faces of the 1930s Will We See in the 2020s? 283JACK A. GOLDSTONEConclusion 295CAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIndex 298

Carol S. Leonard is Emeritus Fellow of St Antony’s College, Oxford, UK, and the former Director of the Center for Russian Studies, International Laboratory: Russia’s Historical Legacies and Regional Development at the Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow.Daniel Orlovsky is Emeritus Professor of History at Southern Methodist University.Jurej Petrov is Director of the Institute of Russian History at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

• List of Contributors viiiList of Figures xvList of Tables xviiPreface xviiiCAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIIntroduction: Interpreting the Russian Revolution of 1917 11 Introduction—Reflections on the Russian Revolution 3DANIEL ORLOVSKY2 The Great Russian Revolution, 1917–1922, and Problems of Historical Memory 12JUREJ PETROVIISelected Western Revisionist Interpretations and Their Critics 173 How to End the Revolution: A Problem for Revolutionaries, Their Successors and Historians 19SHEILA FITZPATRICK4 More Lessons of October 29RONALD GRIGOR SUNY5 Soviet History Framework for Assessing the Russian Revolution 36ROBERT SERVICE6 The Politics of National History: Russia’s Ruling Elite and the Centenary of 1917 51JAMES RYANIIIThe Major Soviet-era and Post-Soviet Russian Perspectives 737 From a National Celebration to an Inconvenient Past: Revolution of 1917 in Commemorative Practices and Policies and Annual Celebrations (1918–2017) 75VITALIY TIKHONOV8 Post-Soviet Writing About the October Revolution 97VLADIMIR P. BULDAKOV9 Culture in Revolution—Revolution in Culture 109TATIANA A. FILIPPOVAIVNew Approaches: “Leap Not the Landing” 12510 The Revolution We Have Lost: 1917 as Future Possibility 127MARK D. STEINBERG11 Living Politics: The Kollektiv-Model and the Bolshevik Revolution 139ANDY WILLIMOTT12 Psychological and Emotional Experience in the Russian Revolution 158VLADISLAV B. AKSENOV13 Gender Images in the Russian Revolution: Backward Women and Forward Men in Iconic Perspective, 1919–1923 176ELIZABETH A. WOODStrategic Space During the Revolution 19114 Building Soviet Democracy, Breeding Communist Dictatorship: Rise of the Party-State Apparatus, 1917–1923 193LARA DOUDS15 Railroads and Strikes in Russia, 1894–1904: Revolution in Times of Railroad Building 212CAROL S. LEONARD, ZAFAR NAZAROV, LEONID BORODKIN, ROMAN B. KONCHAKOV AND MARIA KARPENKOContinuum of Crisis 24516 Governing Revolution in Russia in 1917 and in the 1990s: Comparative Political Economy 247VLADIMIR MAU AND CAROL S. LEONARDImpact Assessment 26517 Two Octobers 267ROBERT A. ROSENSTONE18 Hitler, Stalin, or Roosevelt? Which Faces of the 1930s Will We See in the 2020s? 283JACK A. GOLDSTONEConclusion 295CAROL S. LEONARD AND DANIEL ORLOVSKYIndex 298