Elgar Encyclopedia of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Edited by Marzia Traverso, Professor and Director of Sustainability in Civil Engineering, Institute of Sustainability in Civil Engineering (INaB) and Jana Gerta Backes, Junior Professor for Safety, Security and Sustainability Evaluations in Foresight Research (SAF), RWTH Aachen University, Germany

‘These descriptions of a comprehensive list of methods and practices in environmental, economic, and social assessments will be a useful reference in research and in the classroom.’

• ContentsPreface xiiList of contributors xiv1 Abiotic depletion potential 1Marco Jabara and AlessandroManzardo2 Acidification potential 5Zaid Hashash3 Attributional life cycle assessment 8Andrea Paulillo4 Benchmarking 12Mauro Cordella5 Biodiversity loss 14Tobias Hatzfeld and Christoph Scope6 Carbon footprint 17Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin7 Characterisation factors 19Bo P. Weidema8 Child labor subcategory 21Grazia Chiara Elmo9 Children stakeholder category 25Grazia Chiara Elmo10 Circular economy 29Kathrin Greiff, Berfin Bayram, and Wiebke Hagedorn11 Circularity 32Kathrin Greiff, Berfin Bayram, and Wiebke Hagedorn12 Classification 36Bo P. Weidema13 Climate change 39Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin14 Closed loop 42Giuseppe Ioppolo15 CML 2002 method 47Pamela Haverkamp16 Co-product handling 50Bo P. Weidema17 Completeness check 53Tobias Hatzfeld18 Consequential life cycle assessment 55Sara Toniolo and Carlo Ingrao19 Consistency check 59Tobias Hatzfeld20 Consumer health and safety subcategory 63Rose Nangah Mankaa21 Consumer stakeholder category 66Joana Fedato Pogoda22 Corporate carbon footprint 69Peter Saling23 Corporate social responsibility 74Rupert J. Baumgartner, JosefPeter Schöggl, and Martina Zimek24 Corporate sustainability 78Peter Saling25 Corruption subcategory 82Monica Serreli26 Cost in life cycle costing 86Christoph Scope27 Cradle to Cradle 89Andrea Paulillo28 Cradle to Gate 94Andrea Paulillo29 Cradle to Grave 96Andrea Paulillo30 Critical resources 99Gian Andrea Blengini31 Critical review 103Atsushi Inaba32 Cultural heritage subcategory 106Monika Cera33 Cumulative energy demand 110Saverio De Franceschi,Junzhang Wu, Alessandro Manzardo, and Nils Pauliks34 Cut-off criteria 114Atsushi Inaba35 Data integration 117Caroline Visentin36 Data quality distance 121Caroline Visentin37 Data quality goals 125Caroline Visentin38 Data quality indicators 129Caroline Visentin39 Data variability 133Caroline Visentin40 Life cycle sustainability assessment for decision-making 137Luoqin Liu, Alessandro Manzardo, and Junzhang Wu41 Decision support 143Miguel Brandão42 Delocalization and migration 146Rohit Ravi43 Downcycling 150Lucia Rigamonti44 Downstream 154Giulia Cavenago and Lucia Rigamonti45 Dynamic life cycle sustainability assessment 158Hashem Amini Toosi46 Ecodesign 162Mauro Cordella47 Eco-efficiency 164Sarina Achterfeldt48 Ecoinvent 169Gabriella Buttitta and Davide Lo Presti49 Economic allocation 173Bo P. Weidema50 Input-Output Models in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment 175Amaro O. Pereira Jr, Sandra Venghaus, Joilson A. Cabral,Paulo V.S. Lima, Matheus A. Santos, Holger Schlör, Sally Springer, Johannes Többen,Stefan Vögele, and Petra Zapp51 Ecosystem 179Christina Wulf, Petra Zapp, and Sally Springer52 Ecosystem quality 181Christina Wulf53 Ecotoxicity potential including terrestrial and marine/aquatic potential 184Monu George Varghese54 Education in the local community subcategory 190Rohit Ravi55 Elementary flow 194Benedetto Rugani56 Employment relationship subcategory 197Gijs Krekel57 End-of-life 200Anna Luthin58 Endpoint impact category 204Andrea Paulillo59 Energy 208Clemens Mostert60 Environmental assessment 211Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain61 Environmental footprint 217Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain62 Environmental hotspot analysis 223Nicholas M. Holden63 Environmental impact 227Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain64 Life cycle impact assessment 234Roberto Rosa, Carlo Ingrao, and Anna Maria Ferrari65 Environmental impact category 240Suzana Ostojic66 Environmental input–output model 245Masaharu Motoshita and Maeno Keitaro67 Environmental Kuznets curve 247Mario Grosso68 Environmental management 250Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain69 Environmental product declaration 256Pamela Haverkamp70 Environmental responsibility 260Mario Grosso71 Environmental sustainability 264Yahong Dong and Md Uzzal Hossain72 Equal opportunities: Discrimination impact subcategory 271Arij Chabrawi73 Eutrophication potential 274Jinhui Zhou74 Exposure assessment method 278Masaharu Motoshita and Kamrul Islam75 Externalities 282Hashem Amini Toosi76 Fair competition subcategory 285Bruna Pereira de Souza77 Fair salary subcategory 288Sabrina Neugebauer78 Feedback mechanism subcategory 293Gijs Krekel79 Forced labour 295Arij Chabrawi80 Foreground/background process 298Gabriella Buttitta and Davide Lo Presti81 Freedom of association and collective bargaining subcategory 303Bianca Maria Tragnone and Luigia Petti82 Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential 307Mario Grosso and Stefano Puricelli83 Functional unit 312Benedetto Rugani84 Global warming potential 315Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin85 Goal and scope phase 318Jana Gerta Backes86 Greenhouse gas emissions 321Stephan Krinke and Yu-Yi Lin87 Health issues for children as consumers subcategory 324Bruna Pereira de Souza88 Human toxicity potential 327Olubukola Tokede89 Hybrid life cycle assessment 333Nicholas M. Holden90 Impact pathway 337Bo P. Weidema91 Industrial metabolism 341Nicholas M. Holden92 Input–output analysis 345Saroj Kumar Chapagain and Edeltraud Guenther93 Input–output 347Patrick Haun94 Integrated assessment model 350Nicholas M. Holden95 Interpretation 353Jana Gerta Backes96 Inventory analysis 357Petra Zapp, Sally Springer, and Christina Wulf97 Life cycle and life cycle perspective 360David Hysi98 Life cycle assessment 363David Hysi99 Life cycle costing 366Anna Luthin100 Life cycle crowns 370Blanca Corona101 Life cycle impact assessment 373Roland Meyer102 Life cycle interpretation 377Blanca Corona103 Life cycle inventory 382Umberto Arena, Filomena Ardolino, and Francesco Parrillo104 Life cycle sustainability assessment 388Jana Gerta Backes105 Life cycle thinking 392Blanca Corona106 Local community 394Zaid Hashash107 Local employment subcategory 398Manuela D’Eusanio108 Marine plastic waste 401Olubukola Tokede and Isaac Akinwumi109 Material flow 405Kathrin Greiff, Berfin Bayram, and Wiebke Hagedorn110 Material flow analysis 407Kathrin Greiff, Berfin Bayram, and Wiebke Hagedorn111 Material footprint 410Kathrin Greiff, Benedikt Verkic, Berfin Bayram, and Wiebke Hagedorn112 Midpoint impact categories 414Roland Meyer113 Monetarization 417Christoph Scope114 Monte Carlo simulation 420Antonino Marvuglia115 Multi-criteria decision making 421Arij Chabrawi and Bruna Pereira de Souza116 Normalization 425Manouchehr Shokri117 Nutritional life cycle assessment 429Silvia Zingale, Alba ReguantClosa, Thomas Nemecek, and Carlo Ingrao118 Organizational life cycle assessment 437Alexandra Weniger119 Ozone depletion potential 440Lukas Messmann120 Pedigree matrix 448Hashem Amini Toosi121 Photochemical ozone creation potential 452Lars Wietschel122 Physical allocation 457Miguel Brandão and Bo P. Weidema123 Planetary boundaries 461Martina Zimek, Josef-Peter Schöggl, and Rupert J. Baumgartner124 Positive impact 468Arij Chabrawi125 Poverty alleviation subcategory 471Luigia Petti and Federica Silveri126 Prevention and mitigation of armed conflicts subcategory 476Monika Cera127 Product and service 480Kamrul Islam and Masaharu Motoshita128 Product environmental footprint 482Pamela Haverkamp129 Product system model 486Kamrul Islam and Masaharu Motoshita130 Productivity 488Hashem Amini Toosi131 Product social impact life cycle assessment (PSILCA) 491Davis Jose132 Rebound effect 494Antonino Marvuglia133 ReCiPe 496Katharina Roche134 Recycling 500Anna Luthin135 Recycling rate 503Anna Luthin136 Reference flow 506Jana Gerta Backes137 Reference scale approach 507Cinzia Capitano, Antonio Covais, and Marzia Traverso138 Resource depletion 514Mario Grosso139 Resource efficiency 518Isabella Bianco140 Respect of indigenous rights subcategory 521Monika Cera141 Respect of intellectual property rights subcategory 525Luigia Petti and BiancaMaria Tragnone142 Safe and healthy living conditions category 529Bernadette Sidonie Libom and Alessandro Manzardo143 Scarcity 535Antonino Marvuglia144 Secure living conditions subcategory 537Davis Jose145 Sensitivity analysis 539Jana Gerta Backes146 Sexual harassment subcategory 541Monika Cera147 Smallholders including farmers subcategory 545Jessica Hanafi148 Social benefits/social security subcategory 549Katharina Roche and Martina Zimek149 Social footprint and handprint 553Arij Chabrawi150 Social hotspot 556Gabriella Arcese151 Social hotspot analysis 560Davis Jose152 Social hotspot database 563Gabriella Arcese153 Social impact subcategories 567Maria Concetta Pedalà, Antonio Covais, and Marzia Traverso154 Social indicators 572Davis Jose155 Social life cycle assessment 575Alexandra Weniger156 Social organizational life cycle assessment 578Manuela D’Eusanio157 Social performance measurement 583Davis Jose158 Social risk assessment 588Davis Jose159 Social sustainability 592Sonia Valdivia, Natalia A. Cano, and Guido Sonnemann160 Social well-being 598Lucia Mancini161 Society stakeholder category 602Giuseppe Cecere and Lucia Rigamonti162 Stakeholder 606Lucia Mancini163 Stakeholder analysis and involvement 610Lucia Mancini164 Stakeholder category 613Lucia Mancini165 Subcategory assessment method 616Luigia Petti166 Substitution 621Miguel Brandão and Bo P. Weidema167 Supplier relationship subcategory 626Manuela D’Eusanio168 Sustainability 630Shammas Saleem, Antonio Covais, and Marzia Traverso169 Sustainability improvement 636Mauro Cordella170 Sustainability indicators 638Rose Nangah Mankaa171 Sustainable development goals 644Jana Gerta Backes172 Sustainable resource extraction 649Nils Jäger173 System boundary 651Pamela Haverkamp174 Transformation 654Nils Jäger175 Transparency subcategory 658Jana Gerta Backes176 Triple bottom line 660Olubukola Tokede and Sruthii Venkata Subaramani177 Uncertainty 665Roberta Salomone178 Uncertainty analysis 669Roberta Salomone179 Upstream 673Roberta Salomone180 Urban metabolism 678Giuseppe Ioppolo181 Urban resource harvesting 683Giuseppe Ioppolo182 Use stage 687Sally Springer, Petra Zapp, and Christina Wulf183 USEtox 690Rose Nangah Mankaa184 Value chain actors 695Roland Meyer185 VIKOR 698Antonino Marvuglia186 Waste 701Umberto Arena, Filomena Ardolino, and Francesco Parrillo187 Water footprint 704Markus Berger188 Wealth distribution subcategory 707Bruna Pereira de Souza189 Weighting 711Bo P. Weidema190 Worker health and safety subcategory 715Arij Chabrawi191 Workers stakeholder category 718Maria Giovina Pasca192 Working hours subcategory 722Maria Giovina Pasca