Edited by Laura Diaz Anadon, Chaired Professor of Climate Change Policy, Department of Land Economy and Director, Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (CEENRG), University of Cambridge, UK, Abhishek Malhotra, Energy Specialist, Energy and Extractives Global Practice, World Bank, USA, Ambuj D. Sagar, Professor and Founding Head, School of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India and Elena Verdolini, Professor of Economics, Department of Law, Università degli studi di Brescia, and Senior Scientist, European Institute on Economics and the Environment of the Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy

‘The Handbook of Energy Innovation is, in some 30 plus chapters by leading subject matter experts, a timely compilation of the complex challenges of improving energy access worldwide while simultaneously addressing issues of climate change and global warming. Drs. Anadon, Malhotra, Sagar and Verdolini have done an outstanding job in choosing topics spanning current state of the art in clean energy innovation and strategies from both OECD and Global South subject matter experts. This compendium will, in my view, be an invaluable resource to those involved in implementing energy policy and in the education of researchers interested in advancing this important field.’

• ContentsList of contributors viii1 Introduction: what is energy innovation and why is it important? 1Laura Diaz Anadon, Abhishek Malhotra, Ambuj D. Sagar, and Elena VerdoliniPART I THE STATE OF ENERGY INNOVATION2 A historical perspective on energy innovation: energy transitions,efficiency improvements, rebound effects, and consumer welfare impacts 10Roger Fouquet3 Recent trends in energy innovation and diffusion of technologies 36Tobias S. SchmidtPART II UNPACKING ENERGY INNOVATION: PROCESS, POLICIES, ANDINSTITUTIONS4 Systemic perspectives on energy innovation 52Christian Binz5 Innovation processes in clean energy technologies 70Benedict S. Probst and Volker H. Hoffmann6 Modeling technological change 86Zana Cranmer and Erin Baker7 Firms and energy innovation 103Joern Hoppmann, Hauke Luetkehaus, and Swantje Freund8 Accelerating energy innovation through transition policy mixes 120Karoline S. RoggePART III PERSPECTIVES ON ENERGY INNOVATION GOVERNANCE,INSTITUTIONS, AND APPROACHESSection 1 National and International Perspectives on Energy Innovation9 Energy innovation in the United States of America 158David M. Hart10 The energy innovation system in China 180Lei Xu and Qiang Zhi11 Energy innovation in Germany 203Rainer Walz and Wolfgang Eichhammer12 Energy innovation in Brazil 228André Tosi Furtado13 Energy innovation in India 247Dwarkeshwar Dutt, Abhishek Malhotra, and Ambuj D. Sagar14 From green energy laggard to leader: the progress, set-backs, and future ofSouth Korea’s Green Growth Strategy 268Sung-Young Kim , Hao Tan, John Mathews, and Elizabeth Thurbon15 Unpacking the drivers of access to low-carbon energy technologies inNigeria 286Maruf Sanni, Babatunde A. Aodu, andY.O. AkinwaleSection 2 New Organizational Forms for Energy Innovation16 How can governments invest in and direct energy technology innovation?Lessons from ARPA-E 310Harilal Krishna and Arunava Majumdar17 New innovation institutions in the UK 321Will McDowall, Anna Watson, and Jim Watson18 Mission Innovation: a novel approach to catalysing internationalcooperation on clean energy research and development 341Daniele Poponi19 New organizational forms for energy innovation: climate innovationcenters 361Vincent OgayaSection 3 Sectoral and Technological Perspectives20 Solar photovoltaics innovation 379Gregory Nemet21 Innovation in the wind energy sector 390Rasmus Lema, Ulrich Elmer Hansen, Feng Zhao, and Davide Bonaglia22 Electric vehicles and the future of personal transportation 413Paulina Jaramillo23 Energy and climate innovation in buildings 447Paolo Bertoldi24 Energy access 476H. Harish Hande and Surabhi Rajagopal25 Innovation for the decarbonisation of heavy industries 494Lars J. Nilsson, Igor Bashmakov, and Chris BatailleSection 4 Cross-cutting Themes26 Financing energy innovation 513Alyssa Gunnemann, Friedemann Polzin, and Bjarne Steffen27 Energy technology entrepreneurship 533Claudia Doblinger and Kavita Surana28 International cooperation for clean energy innovation 553Joanna I. Lewis and Jiaqi LuPART IV CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY INNOVATION29 Stakeholder attitudes towards clean energy innovation 572Zeynep Clulow and David M. Reiner30 Distributional effects of energy innovation 597Johannes Gallé, Michael Jakob, and Jan Christoph Steckel31 Assessing the state and performance of the energy innovation system 613Elena Verdolini, Laura Diaz Anadon, and Ambuj D. Sagar

Edited by Laura Diaz Anadon, Chaired Professor of Climate Change Policy, Department of Land Economy and Director, Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance (CEENRG), University of Cambridge, UK, Abhishek Malhotra, Energy Specialist, Energy and Extractives Global Practice, World Bank, USA, Ambuj D. Sagar, Professor and Founding Head, School of Public Policy, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India and Elena Verdolini, Professor of Economics, Department of Law, Università degli studi di Brescia, and Senior Scientist, European Institute on Economics and the Environment of the Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy

‘The Handbook of Energy Innovation is, in some 30 plus chapters by leading subject matter experts, a timely compilation of the complex challenges of improving energy access worldwide while simultaneously addressing issues of climate change and global warming. Drs. Anadon, Malhotra, Sagar and Verdolini have done an outstanding job in choosing topics spanning current state of the art in clean energy innovation and strategies from both OECD and Global South subject matter experts. This compendium will, in my view, be an invaluable resource to those involved in implementing energy policy and in the education of researchers interested in advancing this important field.’

• ContentsList of contributors viii1 Introduction: what is energy innovation and why is it important? 1Laura Diaz Anadon, Abhishek Malhotra, Ambuj D. Sagar, and Elena VerdoliniPART I THE STATE OF ENERGY INNOVATION2 A historical perspective on energy innovation: energy transitions,efficiency improvements, rebound effects, and consumer welfare impacts 10Roger Fouquet3 Recent trends in energy innovation and diffusion of technologies 36Tobias S. SchmidtPART II UNPACKING ENERGY INNOVATION: PROCESS, POLICIES, ANDINSTITUTIONS4 Systemic perspectives on energy innovation 52Christian Binz5 Innovation processes in clean energy technologies 70Benedict S. Probst and Volker H. Hoffmann6 Modeling technological change 86Zana Cranmer and Erin Baker7 Firms and energy innovation 103Joern Hoppmann, Hauke Luetkehaus, and Swantje Freund8 Accelerating energy innovation through transition policy mixes 120Karoline S. RoggePART III PERSPECTIVES ON ENERGY INNOVATION GOVERNANCE,INSTITUTIONS, AND APPROACHESSection 1 National and International Perspectives on Energy Innovation9 Energy innovation in the United States of America 158David M. Hart10 The energy innovation system in China 180Lei Xu and Qiang Zhi11 Energy innovation in Germany 203Rainer Walz and Wolfgang Eichhammer12 Energy innovation in Brazil 228André Tosi Furtado13 Energy innovation in India 247Dwarkeshwar Dutt, Abhishek Malhotra, and Ambuj D. Sagar14 From green energy laggard to leader: the progress, set-backs, and future ofSouth Korea’s Green Growth Strategy 268Sung-Young Kim , Hao Tan, John Mathews, and Elizabeth Thurbon15 Unpacking the drivers of access to low-carbon energy technologies inNigeria 286Maruf Sanni, Babatunde A. Aodu, andY.O. AkinwaleSection 2 New Organizational Forms for Energy Innovation16 How can governments invest in and direct energy technology innovation?Lessons from ARPA-E 310Harilal Krishna and Arunava Majumdar17 New innovation institutions in the UK 321Will McDowall, Anna Watson, and Jim Watson18 Mission Innovation: a novel approach to catalysing internationalcooperation on clean energy research and development 341Daniele Poponi19 New organizational forms for energy innovation: climate innovationcenters 361Vincent OgayaSection 3 Sectoral and Technological Perspectives20 Solar photovoltaics innovation 379Gregory Nemet21 Innovation in the wind energy sector 390Rasmus Lema, Ulrich Elmer Hansen, Feng Zhao, and Davide Bonaglia22 Electric vehicles and the future of personal transportation 413Paulina Jaramillo23 Energy and climate innovation in buildings 447Paolo Bertoldi24 Energy access 476H. Harish Hande and Surabhi Rajagopal25 Innovation for the decarbonisation of heavy industries 494Lars J. Nilsson, Igor Bashmakov, and Chris BatailleSection 4 Cross-cutting Themes26 Financing energy innovation 513Alyssa Gunnemann, Friedemann Polzin, and Bjarne Steffen27 Energy technology entrepreneurship 533Claudia Doblinger and Kavita Surana28 International cooperation for clean energy innovation 553Joanna I. Lewis and Jiaqi LuPART IV CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY INNOVATION29 Stakeholder attitudes towards clean energy innovation 572Zeynep Clulow and David M. Reiner30 Distributional effects of energy innovation 597Johannes Gallé, Michael Jakob, and Jan Christoph Steckel31 Assessing the state and performance of the energy innovation system 613Elena Verdolini, Laura Diaz Anadon, and Ambuj D. Sagar