Edited by Eduardo Oliveira, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Belgium, Efe Sevin, Towson University, USA and Emma Björner, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

‘This Encyclopedia gives a concise, clever, insightful overview of terms commonly associated with place branding. As the concept becomes more popular in theory and practice, there is a fear it descends into something we think we all know so risk deluding its power. This book showcases how complex the topic is, what the words mean in different contexts, and how to carefully apply definitions of place branding in research, practice, and beyond. Researchers and practitioners alike now have a handy guide to reference when designing, implementing, and writing about city and country branding so there can be consistency in terms. Each section is situated within a larger context, making it easy to see how the terms fit within larger academic disciplines and conversation can carry beyond place branding brackets. This book has the power to cut across the place branding discipline into urban planning, public policy and administration, tourism management, political science, social science, and more. It is a must have for researchers in this area.’

• Contributors x Preface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Anholt Nation Brands Indexand Anholt-GMI City BrandsIndex 1Simon Anholt2 Artificial intelligence 4Filipe Roquette3 Arts-based research methods 9Mihalis, Kavaratzis andMassimo Giovanardi4 Bilateral triple helix 13Kirsten Mogensen5 Brand identity and image 19Susan Westcott Alessandri6 Brand resistance 21Ole and Jørgensen7 Branding low-income countries 24Vincent Mabillard,Bellarminus Kakpovi andMartial Pasquier8 Challenges of place branding 31Bill Baker9 Climate change communication 36Chad Walker, Evan Cleaveand Giannina Warren10 Cluster branding 40Dario Giuffre, Naresh Panditand Robert Jones11 Co-creation 44Laura Ripoll Gonzales andJasper Eshuis12 Country of origin 50Ana Maria Parente-Laverde13 Creative city 53Niedja Santos14 Creative districts andneighbourhoods 58Nicholas Karachalis15 Creative sensoryscapes 62Sotiria Katsafadou, GeorgiaLalou and Alex Deffner16 Crisis management 65Erika J. Schneider17 Critical approaches to publicrelations 68Prue Robson18 Cross-border cooperation 72Nicholas Karachalis and Alex Deffner19 Cultural city brand equity 75Stella Kladou20 Cultural initiatives, bottom-up 80Olga Kolokytha21 Destination managementorganisations for resilience 84Maria Månsson and Jörgen Eksell22 Diasporas 89Antonio Alejo23 Digital diplomacy 93Ilan Manor24 Dual place naming 99Michael D’Rosario25 Elements of perception 102José Filipe Torres26 Ethical issues 110Steven L. Pike27 European capitals of culture 112Cosmin Marinescu andCamelia Cmeciu28 Events, hallmark 116Eva Psatha and Alex Deffner29 Experiences 121Can Seng Ooi30 Fake destinations 125Emese Panyik and ÁureaLucília de Oliveira Rodrigues31 Food tourism 131Olga Rauhut Kompaniets andStuart Reid32 Foreign policy and placebranding 135Zhao Alexandre Huang33 From country-of-origin toprovenance branding 139Mikael Andéhn34 Future proofing place brands 145Malcolm Allan35 Gamification 152Rula M. Al Abdulrazak36 Gastronomy 155Izaskun Zurbitu Aldama37 Gender 160Cecilia Cassinger38 Geographical Indications andplace development 162Chiara Rinaldi39 Good Country Index 165Simon Anholt40 Governance models 168Abdulrhman Alsayel41 Imaginative communities 173Robert Govers42 Immersive technology branding 176Vicky Steylaerts, Kaat DeRidder and Marco Scholtz43 Inclusive city branding 179Shania Iyer44 Inclusive place branding 185Eva Maria Jernsand and Helena Kraff45 Indigenous toponymy 188Holly Randell-Moon46 Innovative cities, balancingauthenticity and innovation 194Gohar Aznauryan47 Innovative resorts 197Valentina Burkšienė andJaroslav Dvorak48 Intangible cultural heritage 201Mia Larson, Christina Öbergand Henrik Scander49 Integrated marketingcommunication 205Ulla Hakala50 Island branding 210Angeliki Mitropoulou51 Islands brand identity 216Florida Clements52 Key performance indicators 221Gonzalo Vilar53 Labels and certifications 227Eva Psatha54 Legends and myths 231Emese Panyik and Mónica Silva55 Local identity 237Evan Cleave56 Measurement 242Sebastian Zenker57 Mediatization 246Efe Sevin58 Metropolization 248Michael D’Rosario59 Movies and TV series 255Alex Deffner60 Multi-level approach 259Jordi de San Eugenio61 Multi-level governance 262Junhua Lei and Lin Ye62 Multicultural cities andbranding 267Inès Hassen-Dakhli63 Music events 271Ricardo Rios64 Music videos 274Emese Panyik65 News media representations 280Prue Robson66 Online-famous cities(wanghong cities) 284Xinnan Shi and Hong Fan67 Overtourism 290Cinzia Colapinto and Giada Zaghis68 Paradoxes 295Can Seng Ooi69 Performance measurement 297Marta Hereźniak70 Place brand equity 301Magdalena Florek71 Place brand love 305Ahmed Rageh Ismail72 Place branding vs branding 308Michael Persson Gripkow73 Place-associated research 311Nicolas Papadopoulos andMark Cleveland74 Placemaking and placebranding 318Vincent Mabillard andHicham Echattabi75 Placemaking and theimportance of vibrant publicplaces 324Caio Esteves76 Political communication 331Phillip Arceneaux77 Political stakeholders 335Ole Have Jørgensen and FinnFrandsen78 Politics 339Andrea Lucarelli79 Pop-up 342Gary Warnaby80 Professionals 345Giannina Warren81 Public diplomacy 353Gyorgy Szondi82 Public relations 357Gyorgy Szondi83 (Re)imaging through sportmega events (SMEs) 361Stuart Reid84 Regenerative tourism 364Florian Kaefer and Emma Björner85 Reputational security 368Nicholas J. Cull86 Residents’ involvement 372Beatriz Casais87 Rural development and placebranding 376Daniel Rauhut and Juha Halme88 Science and technologydiplomacy 382Juan Luis López Aranguren89 Sister Cities International 388Steven L. Pike90 Smart city branding 392Cecilia Pasquinelli and Xavier Ginesta91 Smart heritage in city branding 395Natalia Grincheva92 Soft power 400Craig Hayden93 Songwriting as a researchplatform 406Massimo Giovanardi94 Soundmark(ing) 411Nicolai Jørgensgaard Graakjær95 Spatial planning 414Kristof Van Assche and Raoul Beunen96 Spatio-visual co-constructions 417Mennatullah Hendawy97 Spirituality and place 420Stuart Reid and Richard Ek98 Storytelling 422Günter Soydanbay99 Sustainable Development Goals 424Elisenda Aguilera-Cora100 Talent attraction 428Marcus Andersson andMorten King-Grubert101 Territorial attractiveness 433Ray Freddy Lara Pachecoand Elizabeth GuadalupeCarrillo Nuno102 Territorial brand 438Giovana Goretti Feijó de Almeida103 Territorological perspective 444Gary Warnaby104 Urban regeneration 447Nigel Morgan105 Urbanisation 451Michael D’Rosario106 Visioning and plan-making 455Kleanthis Sirakoulis and Alex Deffner107 Wine tourism 458Olga Rauhut Kompaniets108 Worker-led place branding 461Natalie Blaustone-Dye

Edited by Eduardo Oliveira, Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, Belgium, Efe Sevin, Towson University, USA and Emma Björner, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

‘This Encyclopedia gives a concise, clever, insightful overview of terms commonly associated with place branding. As the concept becomes more popular in theory and practice, there is a fear it descends into something we think we all know so risk deluding its power. This book showcases how complex the topic is, what the words mean in different contexts, and how to carefully apply definitions of place branding in research, practice, and beyond. Researchers and practitioners alike now have a handy guide to reference when designing, implementing, and writing about city and country branding so there can be consistency in terms. Each section is situated within a larger context, making it easy to see how the terms fit within larger academic disciplines and conversation can carry beyond place branding brackets. This book has the power to cut across the place branding discipline into urban planning, public policy and administration, tourism management, political science, social science, and more. It is a must have for researchers in this area.’

• Contributors x Preface xiiiAcknowledgements xv1 Anholt Nation Brands Indexand Anholt-GMI City BrandsIndex 1Simon Anholt2 Artificial intelligence 4Filipe Roquette3 Arts-based research methods 9Mihalis, Kavaratzis andMassimo Giovanardi4 Bilateral triple helix 13Kirsten Mogensen5 Brand identity and image 19Susan Westcott Alessandri6 Brand resistance 21Ole and Jørgensen7 Branding low-income countries 24Vincent Mabillard,Bellarminus Kakpovi andMartial Pasquier8 Challenges of place branding 31Bill Baker9 Climate change communication 36Chad Walker, Evan Cleaveand Giannina Warren10 Cluster branding 40Dario Giuffre, Naresh Panditand Robert Jones11 Co-creation 44Laura Ripoll Gonzales andJasper Eshuis12 Country of origin 50Ana Maria Parente-Laverde13 Creative city 53Niedja Santos14 Creative districts andneighbourhoods 58Nicholas Karachalis15 Creative sensoryscapes 62Sotiria Katsafadou, GeorgiaLalou and Alex Deffner16 Crisis management 65Erika J. Schneider17 Critical approaches to publicrelations 68Prue Robson18 Cross-border cooperation 72Nicholas Karachalis and Alex Deffner19 Cultural city brand equity 75Stella Kladou20 Cultural initiatives, bottom-up 80Olga Kolokytha21 Destination managementorganisations for resilience 84Maria Månsson and Jörgen Eksell22 Diasporas 89Antonio Alejo23 Digital diplomacy 93Ilan Manor24 Dual place naming 99Michael D’Rosario25 Elements of perception 102José Filipe Torres26 Ethical issues 110Steven L. Pike27 European capitals of culture 112Cosmin Marinescu andCamelia Cmeciu28 Events, hallmark 116Eva Psatha and Alex Deffner29 Experiences 121Can Seng Ooi30 Fake destinations 125Emese Panyik and ÁureaLucília de Oliveira Rodrigues31 Food tourism 131Olga Rauhut Kompaniets andStuart Reid32 Foreign policy and placebranding 135Zhao Alexandre Huang33 From country-of-origin toprovenance branding 139Mikael Andéhn34 Future proofing place brands 145Malcolm Allan35 Gamification 152Rula M. Al Abdulrazak36 Gastronomy 155Izaskun Zurbitu Aldama37 Gender 160Cecilia Cassinger38 Geographical Indications andplace development 162Chiara Rinaldi39 Good Country Index 165Simon Anholt40 Governance models 168Abdulrhman Alsayel41 Imaginative communities 173Robert Govers42 Immersive technology branding 176Vicky Steylaerts, Kaat DeRidder and Marco Scholtz43 Inclusive city branding 179Shania Iyer44 Inclusive place branding 185Eva Maria Jernsand and Helena Kraff45 Indigenous toponymy 188Holly Randell-Moon46 Innovative cities, balancingauthenticity and innovation 194Gohar Aznauryan47 Innovative resorts 197Valentina Burkšienė andJaroslav Dvorak48 Intangible cultural heritage 201Mia Larson, Christina Öbergand Henrik Scander49 Integrated marketingcommunication 205Ulla Hakala50 Island branding 210Angeliki Mitropoulou51 Islands brand identity 216Florida Clements52 Key performance indicators 221Gonzalo Vilar53 Labels and certifications 227Eva Psatha54 Legends and myths 231Emese Panyik and Mónica Silva55 Local identity 237Evan Cleave56 Measurement 242Sebastian Zenker57 Mediatization 246Efe Sevin58 Metropolization 248Michael D’Rosario59 Movies and TV series 255Alex Deffner60 Multi-level approach 259Jordi de San Eugenio61 Multi-level governance 262Junhua Lei and Lin Ye62 Multicultural cities andbranding 267Inès Hassen-Dakhli63 Music events 271Ricardo Rios64 Music videos 274Emese Panyik65 News media representations 280Prue Robson66 Online-famous cities(wanghong cities) 284Xinnan Shi and Hong Fan67 Overtourism 290Cinzia Colapinto and Giada Zaghis68 Paradoxes 295Can Seng Ooi69 Performance measurement 297Marta Hereźniak70 Place brand equity 301Magdalena Florek71 Place brand love 305Ahmed Rageh Ismail72 Place branding vs branding 308Michael Persson Gripkow73 Place-associated research 311Nicolas Papadopoulos andMark Cleveland74 Placemaking and placebranding 318Vincent Mabillard andHicham Echattabi75 Placemaking and theimportance of vibrant publicplaces 324Caio Esteves76 Political communication 331Phillip Arceneaux77 Political stakeholders 335Ole Have Jørgensen and FinnFrandsen78 Politics 339Andrea Lucarelli79 Pop-up 342Gary Warnaby80 Professionals 345Giannina Warren81 Public diplomacy 353Gyorgy Szondi82 Public relations 357Gyorgy Szondi83 (Re)imaging through sportmega events (SMEs) 361Stuart Reid84 Regenerative tourism 364Florian Kaefer and Emma Björner85 Reputational security 368Nicholas J. Cull86 Residents’ involvement 372Beatriz Casais87 Rural development and placebranding 376Daniel Rauhut and Juha Halme88 Science and technologydiplomacy 382Juan Luis López Aranguren89 Sister Cities International 388Steven L. Pike90 Smart city branding 392Cecilia Pasquinelli and Xavier Ginesta91 Smart heritage in city branding 395Natalia Grincheva92 Soft power 400Craig Hayden93 Songwriting as a researchplatform 406Massimo Giovanardi94 Soundmark(ing) 411Nicolai Jørgensgaard Graakjær95 Spatial planning 414Kristof Van Assche and Raoul Beunen96 Spatio-visual co-constructions 417Mennatullah Hendawy97 Spirituality and place 420Stuart Reid and Richard Ek98 Storytelling 422Günter Soydanbay99 Sustainable Development Goals 424Elisenda Aguilera-Cora100 Talent attraction 428Marcus Andersson andMorten King-Grubert101 Territorial attractiveness 433Ray Freddy Lara Pachecoand Elizabeth GuadalupeCarrillo Nuno102 Territorial brand 438Giovana Goretti Feijó de Almeida103 Territorological perspective 444Gary Warnaby104 Urban regeneration 447Nigel Morgan105 Urbanisation 451Michael D’Rosario106 Visioning and plan-making 455Kleanthis Sirakoulis and Alex Deffner107 Wine tourism 458Olga Rauhut Kompaniets108 Worker-led place branding 461Natalie Blaustone-Dye