Edited by B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor Emeritus of Government, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, USA, Colin Knox, Adjunct Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan and Emeritus Professor of Comparative Public Policy, Ulster University, UK, Francisco Panizza, Professor in Latin American and Comparative Politics, Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, Conrado Ramos Larraburu, Professor in Government and Public Administration, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de la República, Uruguay and Katarína Staroňová, Associate Professor of Public Policy and Administration, Institute of Public Policy, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia

‘Engaging with politicization and patronage across such an impressive breadth of contexts and continents, this Handbook offers invaluable insights, practical methodologies and important conceptual nuance. A comprehensive and engaging resource, and an inspiring read for everyone interested in politics and bureaucracy!’

• ContentsPreface xiiPART I POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE FRAMEWORKS1 Politicization and patronage: similar, yet different 2B. Guy Peters2 Dimensions of politicization 15Katarina Staroňová and Colin Knox3 Patronage: a template for empirical research 41Francisco Panizza and Conrado Ramos LarraburuPART II POLITICIZATION CASES4 One-party dominant politicization in Japan 60Ko Mishima5 Norway: formal and informal politicization in a merit bureaucracy 77Tobias Bach, Bjørn Mo Forum and Stine Hesstvedt6 Advisers in Westminster systems 96Patrick Diamond7 Quiet politicization in Northern Europe 112Jostein Askim, Tobias Bach and Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen8 Bureaucrats resisting pressures for politicization 127Christopher A. Cooper9 Politicization and patronage in the United States 141Bert A. Rockman and B. Guy Peters10 Politicisation and patronage in the South African public service: fromapartheid to democracy 155Robert CameronPART III PATRONAGE CASES: EUROPE11 Patronage and politicization in the Napoleonic cabinets ministériels 174Athanassios Gouglas12 Towards transparent patronage: the Baltic approach 190Iveta Reinholde, Marta Tripāne and Malvīne Stučka13 Beyond the curtain of an illiberal democracy: investigating the dynamicsof patronage and political appointments in Hungary’s central government 207Éva Kovács, Gábor Tamás Molnár and György Hajnal14 Patronage in the Polish civil service under the populist government,2015–2023 227Jolanta Itrich-Drabarek15 The dynamics of political patronage in Central and East Europeancountries: post-accession divergence 238Katarina Staroňová and Marek Rybář16 Patronage appointments in a hybrid regime: Moldova betweenpartisanship, nepotism and merit 258Denitsa Marchevska17 Civil service politicisation and party patronage in the Western Balkans: away of life in public administration? 274Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling, Christian Schuster and Fanni Toth18 Professional patronage in Germany 291Sylvia VeitPART IV LATIN AMERICA19 Political patronage and politicization in the Brazilian federal civil service 309Felix Garcia Lopez20 The turn from technocratic to partisan patronage in Paraguay 330José Tomás Sánchez-Gómez21 Patronage in a coalition government: political appointments in Uruguay2020–2025 355Conrado Ramos and Alejandro Milanesi22 Patronage in Latin America democracies 368Francisco PanizzaPART V ASIA AND THE PACIFIC23 Switching patronage and trembling loyalty 382Hilman Latief24 Patronage in Thailand: trust and reciprocity in policy networks 396Piyapong Boossabong25 Politicization and political patronage in Australia 413John Halligan26 Politicization and political patronage in the People’s Republic of China 430Jie Gao27 Politicization and political patronage in India 449Naveen Kolloju, Srinivas Junuguru and Brundaban MishraPART VI AFRICA28 ‘They are all our people, appoint them’: the impact of patronage onbureaucratic appointments in Ghana 465Abdul-Nasir Abubakar, Petr Kopecký and Maria Spirova29 Political patronage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 484Jean Marc Lukamba Muhiya TshombePART VII MENA30 Development and determinants of patronage system and rentier elites inthe Middle East and North Africa 495Hamid E. Ali31 The politicization of the civil service in the Islamic Republics of Iran andPakistan 511Guillaume Beaud32 Persistent patronage and a dynamic regime: bureaucratic politicization inIraq 527Ari MamshaePART VIII STUDYING POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE33 Using archival material to study politicization and political patronage 547Sylvia Veit34 Using experiments to study political patronage and politicization 558Virginia Oliveros35 Conducting research in authoritarian and other difficult contexts 574Katarina Staroňová and György Hajnal

Edited by B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor Emeritus of Government, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, USA, Colin Knox, Adjunct Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan and Emeritus Professor of Comparative Public Policy, Ulster University, UK, Francisco Panizza, Professor in Latin American and Comparative Politics, Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, Conrado Ramos Larraburu, Professor in Government and Public Administration, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de la República, Uruguay and Katarína Staroňová, Associate Professor of Public Policy and Administration, Institute of Public Policy, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia

‘Engaging with politicization and patronage across such an impressive breadth of contexts and continents, this Handbook offers invaluable insights, practical methodologies and important conceptual nuance. A comprehensive and engaging resource, and an inspiring read for everyone interested in politics and bureaucracy!’

• ContentsPreface xiiPART I POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE FRAMEWORKS1 Politicization and patronage: similar, yet different 2B. Guy Peters2 Dimensions of politicization 15Katarina Staroňová and Colin Knox3 Patronage: a template for empirical research 41Francisco Panizza and Conrado Ramos LarraburuPART II POLITICIZATION CASES4 One-party dominant politicization in Japan 60Ko Mishima5 Norway: formal and informal politicization in a merit bureaucracy 77Tobias Bach, Bjørn Mo Forum and Stine Hesstvedt6 Advisers in Westminster systems 96Patrick Diamond7 Quiet politicization in Northern Europe 112Jostein Askim, Tobias Bach and Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen8 Bureaucrats resisting pressures for politicization 127Christopher A. Cooper9 Politicization and patronage in the United States 141Bert A. Rockman and B. Guy Peters10 Politicisation and patronage in the South African public service: fromapartheid to democracy 155Robert CameronPART III PATRONAGE CASES: EUROPE11 Patronage and politicization in the Napoleonic cabinets ministériels 174Athanassios Gouglas12 Towards transparent patronage: the Baltic approach 190Iveta Reinholde, Marta Tripāne and Malvīne Stučka13 Beyond the curtain of an illiberal democracy: investigating the dynamicsof patronage and political appointments in Hungary’s central government 207Éva Kovács, Gábor Tamás Molnár and György Hajnal14 Patronage in the Polish civil service under the populist government,2015–2023 227Jolanta Itrich-Drabarek15 The dynamics of political patronage in Central and East Europeancountries: post-accession divergence 238Katarina Staroňová and Marek Rybář16 Patronage appointments in a hybrid regime: Moldova betweenpartisanship, nepotism and merit 258Denitsa Marchevska17 Civil service politicisation and party patronage in the Western Balkans: away of life in public administration? 274Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling, Christian Schuster and Fanni Toth18 Professional patronage in Germany 291Sylvia VeitPART IV LATIN AMERICA19 Political patronage and politicization in the Brazilian federal civil service 309Felix Garcia Lopez20 The turn from technocratic to partisan patronage in Paraguay 330José Tomás Sánchez-Gómez21 Patronage in a coalition government: political appointments in Uruguay2020–2025 355Conrado Ramos and Alejandro Milanesi22 Patronage in Latin America democracies 368Francisco PanizzaPART V ASIA AND THE PACIFIC23 Switching patronage and trembling loyalty 382Hilman Latief24 Patronage in Thailand: trust and reciprocity in policy networks 396Piyapong Boossabong25 Politicization and political patronage in Australia 413John Halligan26 Politicization and political patronage in the People’s Republic of China 430Jie Gao27 Politicization and political patronage in India 449Naveen Kolloju, Srinivas Junuguru and Brundaban MishraPART VI AFRICA28 ‘They are all our people, appoint them’: the impact of patronage onbureaucratic appointments in Ghana 465Abdul-Nasir Abubakar, Petr Kopecký and Maria Spirova29 Political patronage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 484Jean Marc Lukamba Muhiya TshombePART VII MENA30 Development and determinants of patronage system and rentier elites inthe Middle East and North Africa 495Hamid E. Ali31 The politicization of the civil service in the Islamic Republics of Iran andPakistan 511Guillaume Beaud32 Persistent patronage and a dynamic regime: bureaucratic politicization inIraq 527Ari MamshaePART VIII STUDYING POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE33 Using archival material to study politicization and political patronage 547Sylvia Veit34 Using experiments to study political patronage and politicization 558Virginia Oliveros35 Conducting research in authoritarian and other difficult contexts 574Katarina Staroňová and György Hajnal

Edited by B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor Emeritus of Government, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh, USA, Colin Knox, Adjunct Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan and Emeritus Professor of Comparative Public Policy, Ulster University, UK, Francisco Panizza, Professor in Latin American and Comparative Politics, Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, Conrado Ramos Larraburu, Professor in Government and Public Administration, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de la República, Uruguay and Katarína Staroňová, Associate Professor of Public Policy and Administration, Institute of Public Policy, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia

‘Engaging with politicization and patronage across such an impressive breadth of contexts and continents, this Handbook offers invaluable insights, practical methodologies and important conceptual nuance. A comprehensive and engaging resource, and an inspiring read for everyone interested in politics and bureaucracy!’

• ContentsPreface xiiPART I POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE FRAMEWORKS1 Politicization and patronage: similar, yet different 2B. Guy Peters2 Dimensions of politicization 15Katarina Staroňová and Colin Knox3 Patronage: a template for empirical research 41Francisco Panizza and Conrado Ramos LarraburuPART II POLITICIZATION CASES4 One-party dominant politicization in Japan 60Ko Mishima5 Norway: formal and informal politicization in a merit bureaucracy 77Tobias Bach, Bjørn Mo Forum and Stine Hesstvedt6 Advisers in Westminster systems 96Patrick Diamond7 Quiet politicization in Northern Europe 112Jostein Askim, Tobias Bach and Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen8 Bureaucrats resisting pressures for politicization 127Christopher A. Cooper9 Politicization and patronage in the United States 141Bert A. Rockman and B. Guy Peters10 Politicisation and patronage in the South African public service: fromapartheid to democracy 155Robert CameronPART III PATRONAGE CASES: EUROPE11 Patronage and politicization in the Napoleonic cabinets ministériels 174Athanassios Gouglas12 Towards transparent patronage: the Baltic approach 190Iveta Reinholde, Marta Tripāne and Malvīne Stučka13 Beyond the curtain of an illiberal democracy: investigating the dynamicsof patronage and political appointments in Hungary’s central government 207Éva Kovács, Gábor Tamás Molnár and György Hajnal14 Patronage in the Polish civil service under the populist government,2015–2023 227Jolanta Itrich-Drabarek15 The dynamics of political patronage in Central and East Europeancountries: post-accession divergence 238Katarina Staroňová and Marek Rybář16 Patronage appointments in a hybrid regime: Moldova betweenpartisanship, nepotism and merit 258Denitsa Marchevska17 Civil service politicisation and party patronage in the Western Balkans: away of life in public administration? 274Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling, Christian Schuster and Fanni Toth18 Professional patronage in Germany 291Sylvia VeitPART IV LATIN AMERICA19 Political patronage and politicization in the Brazilian federal civil service 309Felix Garcia Lopez20 The turn from technocratic to partisan patronage in Paraguay 330José Tomás Sánchez-Gómez21 Patronage in a coalition government: political appointments in Uruguay2020–2025 355Conrado Ramos and Alejandro Milanesi22 Patronage in Latin America democracies 368Francisco PanizzaPART V ASIA AND THE PACIFIC23 Switching patronage and trembling loyalty 382Hilman Latief24 Patronage in Thailand: trust and reciprocity in policy networks 396Piyapong Boossabong25 Politicization and political patronage in Australia 413John Halligan26 Politicization and political patronage in the People’s Republic of China 430Jie Gao27 Politicization and political patronage in India 449Naveen Kolloju, Srinivas Junuguru and Brundaban MishraPART VI AFRICA28 ‘They are all our people, appoint them’: the impact of patronage onbureaucratic appointments in Ghana 465Abdul-Nasir Abubakar, Petr Kopecký and Maria Spirova29 Political patronage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 484Jean Marc Lukamba Muhiya TshombePART VII MENA30 Development and determinants of patronage system and rentier elites inthe Middle East and North Africa 495Hamid E. Ali31 The politicization of the civil service in the Islamic Republics of Iran andPakistan 511Guillaume Beaud32 Persistent patronage and a dynamic regime: bureaucratic politicization inIraq 527Ari MamshaePART VIII STUDYING POLITICIZATION AND PATRONAGE33 Using archival material to study politicization and political patronage 547Sylvia Veit34 Using experiments to study political patronage and politicization 558Virginia Oliveros35 Conducting research in authoritarian and other difficult contexts 574Katarina Staroňová and György Hajnal