Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence and the Law

Edited by Ryan Abbott, Professor of Law and Health Sciences, School of Law, University of Surrey, UK and Adjunct Associate Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles and Elizabeth Rothman, Adjunct Professor, University of Southern California Gould School of Law and Patentx Faculty, Harvard Law School and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), USA

‘A vital and timely resource, the Encyclopedia brings clarity and insight to one of the most complex technological transformations of our time. As we confront the promise and peril of increasingly intelligent systems, this volume is essential for anyone shaping the law’s future. With contributions from leading experts across disciplines and continents, it offers a breadth of important foundational entries that will serve well scholars, lawyers, and policymakers.’

• ContentsForeword xiiiPreface xv1 Overview and evolution of artificial intelligence 1Vince Lynch and Finnegan H. Laister Smith2 Accessibility 7Rebecca Rich3 AI agents 11Franklin Graves4 AI governance 14Brinson S. Elliott and Karen E. Silverman5 AI judges 20Elizabeth Chan and Kiran Nasir Gore6 AI Manipulation Problem 25Louis Rosenberg7 Algorithmic evidence 28Jacob Turner8 Antitrust, algorithmic collusion 33Garry Gabison9 Antitrust, data monopolization 36Garry Gabison10 Artificial Inventor Project 40Shlomit Yanisky-Ravid and Alec Goldstein11 Author remuneration 45Georgia Jenkins12 Autonomous systems, legal boundaries 48Mikolaj Firlej13 Autonomous vehicles 52Anne Rose and Georgina Hathway14 Autonomy and control 57Mikolaj Firlej15 Bias 61Seth J. Chandler16 Bias, gender 66Vidushi Chaturvedi and Margaret Chon17 Bias, racial 70Seth J. Chandler18 Blockchain 75Kevin Werbach19 Chatbots and legal services 80Tabrez Y. Ebrahim20 Child rights 84Ana Andrijevic21 Civil liability, AI liability 88Gabriel Weil22 Civil liability, duty and breach 91Omri Rachum-Twaig23 Computational legal analysis 95Tabrez Y. Ebrahim24 Consumer rights and algorithms 99Gregory M. Dickinson25 Content authentication 103Franklin Graves26 Content moderation, AI-driven 107Kevin Frazier27 Content moderation, children 112Ana Andrijevic28 Copyright law, AI-generated output 117Matt Hervey29 Copyright law, creative style 121Seán M. O’Connor30 Copyright law, infringement by AI generated output 124Danny Friedmann31 Copyright law, training data 129Matthew Sag32 Copyright law, United Kingdom 133Enrico Bonadio and Nicola Lucchi33 Corporate governance 137Seán M. O’Connor34 Corporations and AI policy 140Mihailis E. Diamantis35 Criminal investigations 143Sonia M. Gipson Rankin36 Criminal responsibility 149Mihailis E. Diamantis37 Cybernetics 152Shubha Ghosh38 Cybersecurity 156Nicholas J. Nugent39 Deepfakes 161Eli Edwards40 Dispute resolution 166Amy J. Schmitz41 Document review 170Sean Allan Harrington42 Drones 174Mikolaj Firlej43 Ethical obligations, lawyers 179Jennifer L. Wondracek44 Evidence analysis 184Daniel Garrie and Sofia Mahairas45 Facial recognition technology 187Shlomit Yanisky-Ravid and Adam Guttentag46 Facial recognition technology, privacy 191Shlomit Yanisky-Ravid and Adam Guttentag47 Financial market regulation 195Nikita Aggarwal48 First Amendment constraints, United States 200Alan Z. Rozenshtein49 Healthcare and bioethics 204Trevor Cook50 Housing discrimination 209Nadiyah J. Humber51 Human augmentation, legal issues 213Woodrow Barfield52 Human rights 217Mark Chinen53 Intellectual property theory 222Plamen Dinev54 Journalism 227Daniel Gervais55 Large language models (LLMs) 230Shawn Bayern56 Legal interfaces for artificial intelligence 234Shawn Bayern57 Legal research 238Amy A. Emerson58 Legal writing 242Dyane O’Leary59 Litigating against AI 245Yvette Joy Liebesman60 Litigation forecasting 248Korin Munsterman61 Machine learning, an introduction 252Ryan N. Phelan62 Mechanistic interpretability 256Vince Lynch and Finnegan H. Laister Smith63 Natural language processing (NLP) 258Andreas Wagner64 Neural networks 263Nathan Reitinger65 Obscenity law 266Michael P. Goodyear66 Patent law 270Richard Arnold67 Patent law, inventorship 274Rama G. Elluru68 Predictive analytics 278Korin Munsterman69 Predictive policing 282Melissa Hamilton70 Privacy law, Asia 286Shantanu Sahay and Gurjot Singh71 Privacy law, child data 290Joshua Aaron Jones72 Privacy concerns with AI health apps 296Delaram Rezaeikhonakdar73 Privacy law, European Union 300Mikołaj Barczentewicz74 Privacy law, India 303Pravin Anand75 Privacy law, IoT 307Guido Noto La Diega76 Privacy law, Singapore 313Zee Kin Yeong77 Privacy law, United States 316Pam Dixon78 Privacy, children, smart toys 320Jon M. Garon79 Publicity, right of 325Michael P. Goodyear80 Regulation, global overview 329Aviv Gaon and Yuval Reinfeld81 Regulation, Africa 335Isaac Rutenberg and Eliane Ubalijoro82 Regulation, Australia 340Nicholas Boyle83 Regulation, Canada 343Justine Gauthier84 Regulation, China 345Phoebe Woo85 Regulation, European Union 349Damian Flisak86 Regulation, India 353Vidushi Chaturvedi and Margaret Chon87 Regulation, Latin America 357Sofía Fernández Bonaudi and Daniel Rodríguez Maffioli88 Regulation, New Zealand 361Michael D. Pendleton89 Regulation, Singapore 364Zee Kin Yeong90 Regulation, United Kingdom 368Jamie Susskind91 Regulation, United States 372Dhruva Krishna and Julianna Montano92 Securities regulation 377Seán M. O’Connor93 Sentencing guidelines 381Melissa Hamilton94 Software as a medical device (SaMD) 385Tatiana Aranovich95 Space law 389Woodrow Barfield96 Standards 393Gary Marchant97 Summarization 398Ashley Krenelka Chase98 Supervised learning 401Ryan Phelan99 Synthetic content 404Darrell G. Mottley and Beatriz Brito Beserra100 Synthetic data 408Nathan Reitinger101 Tax administration 411Vasiliki Koukoulioti and Ira K. Lindsay102 Telecommunications 415Nicholas J. Nugent103 Trade secrets 419Camilla A. Hrdy104 Trademarks 424Daryl Lim105 Translation 429Ashley Krenelka Chase106 Unsupervised learning 432Vince Lynch and Marsalis Gibson107 Warfare 436Nathan ReitingerIndex 439