Edited by Donald R. Rothwell, The Australian National University, Australia, Evan T. Bloom, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway, Suzanne Lalonde, University of Montreal, Canada and Jeffrey McGee, University of Tasmania, Australia

‘In this concise encyclopedia 129 authors contribute 144 entries (some are co-authored) on what the editors in their introduction call a “discipline”– polar law. [...] This is a useful contribution to the science of international law.’

• ContentsAn introduction to polar lawxxiDonald R. Rothwell, Evan T.Bloom, Suzanne Lalonde and Jeffrey McGee1 Adelie Land 1Nicolas Kempf2 Agreed Measures for theConservation of AntarcticFauna and Flora 4Alessandro Antonello3 Agreement on Cooperationon Marine Oil PollutionPreparedness and Response inthe Arctic 7Maria Madalena das Neves4 Agreement on the Conservationof Albatrosses and Petrels 10Marcus Haward5 Agreement on the Conservationof Polar Bears 13Nigel Bankes6 Agreement to PreventUnregulated High SeasFisheries in the Central ArcticOcean 17Erik Franckx7 Alaska 20Becca Robbins Gisclair8 Antarctic network of marineprotected areas 24Cassandra Brooks9 Antarctic specially managedareas 28David Leary10 Antarctic specially protectedareas 31Rachel Innes and Kees Bastmeijer11 Antarctic Treaty 35A.J. Press12 Antarctic Treaty area 39Karen N. Scott13 Antarctic Treaty ConsultativeMeetings 43Akiho Shibata and Zia Madani14 Antarctic Treaty ConsultativeParties 48Davor Vidas15 Antarctic Treaty Secretariat 51Daniela Portella Sampaio16 Antarctic Treaty System 54Karen N. Scott17 Antarctica cases 5818 Antártica Chilena 61Fernando Villamizar Lamus19 Arctic Council 65Evan T. Bloom20 Arctic Council – Observers 69Svein Vigeland Rottem andSerafima Andreeva21 Arctic Council – PermanentParticipants 72Evgeniia (Jen) Sidorova22 Arctic Council – WorkingGroups 75Malgorzata Smieszek-Rice23 Arctic Ocean 78Katharina Heinrich andStefan Kirchner24 Arctic Science CooperationAgreement 81Osamu Inagaki and Akiho Shibata25 Arctic Search and RescueAgreement 84Kristoffer Sydnes and Maria Sydnes26 Areas beyond nationaljurisdiction 88Timo Koivurova andKatharina Heinrich27 Argentina 91Lilian del Castillo28 Argentine Antarctica 95Bruno Arpi29 Australia 99A.J. Press30 Australian Antarctic Territory 103Indi Hodgson-Johnston31 Australian Whale Sanctuary 106Tim Stephens32 Aviation* 10933 Barents Sea 110Tore Henriksen34 Beaufort Sea 114Carole St-Louis35 Belgium 11736 Bering Strait 120Oran R. Young37 Biodiversity 123Gabriela Argüello and Aron Westholm38 British Antarctic Territory(BAT) 127Jill Barrett39 Canada 133P. Whitney Lackenbauer40 Canada/Greenland JointCommission on Conservationand Management of Narwhaland Beluga 138Nigel Bankes41 Canada–US Arctic CooperationAgreement 141P. Whitney Lackenbauer42 Chile 144Carolina Flores Barros andGiovannina Sutherland Condorelli43 China – Antarctica 149Mengzhu Zhang44 China – Arctic 152Nong Hong45 Climate change 155Hitomi Kimura46 Colonization and colonialism 158Romain Chuffart and RachaelLorna Johnstone47 Commission for theConservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources 163David Agnew48 Commission on the Limits ofthe Continental Shelf 166Kevin A. Baumert49 Committee for EnvironmentalProtection 169A.J. Press50 Continental shelf 172Kevin A. Baumert51 Convention for theConservation of Antarctic Seals 176Erik J. Molenaar52 Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Species ofWild Fauna and Flora 179Nikolas Sellheim and Akiho Shibata53 Convention on theConservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources 182Ruth Davis54 Convention on the Regulationof Antarctic Mineral ResourceActivities 185Rüdiger Wolfrum55 Cruise ships 188Emma J. Stewart and Daniela Liggett56 Denmark, Kingdom of 191Birgit Feldtmann57 Disarmament* 19658 Eastern Greenland case 197Nkeiru Scotcher59 European Union* 20060 Exclusive economic zone 201Camille Goodman61 Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas 204Bruno Arpi62 Finland 208Timo Koivurova63 Fishing – Antarctica 212Lynda Goldsworthy and Kelly King64 Fishing – Arctic* 21565 France 216Nicolas Kempf66 Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) 220Sara Olsvig67 Greenland – self-government 225Jens Heinrich68 Greenland/Jan Mayen case 228Yoshifumi Tanaka69 Hans Island/Tartupaluk 231Rasmus Nielsen and P.Whitney Lackenbauer70 High seas 234Arron N. Honniball71 Historic waters 237Sophia Kopela72 Ice 241Stuart Kaye73 Ice shelves* 24474 Iceland 245Medy Dervovic and BjarniMár Magnússon75 Ilulissat Declaration 250Klaus Dodds76 India 253Sanjay Chaturvedi77 Indigenous Peoples 256Endalew Lijalem Enyew andApostolos Tsiouvalas78 International Convention forthe Prevention of Pollutionfrom Ships (MARPOL) 262Aldo Chircop79 International Geophysical Year/ International Polar Year 266Richard C. Powell80 International Seabed Authority 269Aline Jaeckel and Yavuz A. Yakut81 International WhalingCommission 272Ed Couzens82 Inuit Circumpolar Council 275Lisa Qiluqqi Koperqualuk83 IUU fishing 279Arron N. Honniball84 Japan 282Akiho Shibata85 Jurisdiction 287Alexia de Vaucleroy86 Krill* 290Naiade el-Khoury87 Law of the sea 294Joanna Mossop88 Madrid Protocol onEnvironmental Protection tothe Antarctic Treaty 297Rüdiger Wolfrum89 Marine environmentalprotection 302Cymie Payne90 Marine living resources 305Nengye Liu91 Marine protected areas 308Millicent McCreath92 Maritime boundaries 311Yoshifumi Tanaka93 Maritime zones 315Stuart Kaye94 Military activity – Antarctica 318Jeff McGee95 Military activity – Arctic* 32296 Navigational rights andfreedoms 323Erik Franckx97 New Zealand 326Trevor Daya-Winterbottom98 North Atlantic MarineMammal Commission 330Cameron Jefferies99 North Pole 333Ekaterina Antsygina100 Northern Sea Route 336Jan Jakub Solski101 Northwest Passage 339Kentaro Nishimoto102 Norway – Antarctica 344Olav Schram Stokke103 Norway – Arctic 349Andreas Østhagen104 Nuclear free zones 353Daniel Joyner and Anna Hood105 Ocean acidification 356Tim Stephens and Anneke vanden Brink106 Oil and gas exploitation andexploration 359Daria Shapovalova107 Patagonian toothfish 362Dirk Welsford108 Polar bears 366Leoni Fahrenkrug and Kees Bastmeijer109 Polar Code 369Aldo Chircop110 Queen Maud Land 372Donald R. Rothwell111 Regional fisheries managementorganisations 375Camille Goodman112 Resource management 378David Leary113 Ross Dependency 381Alan D. Hemmings114 Ross Sea 386Trevor Daya-Winterbottom115 Russia – Antarctica 389Elizabeth Buchanan andAnton N. Sokolov116 Russia – Arctic 393Andrey Todorov117 Scientific Committee onAntarctic Research 397Steven L. Chown118 Scientific cooperation 400Volker Rachold and Jenny Baeseman119 Sealing 403Nikolas Sellheim120 Sector principle 406Donald R. Rothwell121 Shipping 409David Baker and Erin Walton122 South Africa 413Hendrik A. Strydom123 South Korea 417124 South Pole 418Rachel Baird125 Southern Ocean 421Anaïs Rémont126 Southern Ocean WhaleSanctuary 425Nicola Wheen127 Sovereignty – Antarctica 428Indi Hodgson-Johnston andBruno Arpi128 Sovereignty – Arctic 432Wilfrid Greaves129 SS Manhattan incident 437Suzanne Lalonde130 Sub-Antarctic islands 441Donald R. Rothwell131 Svalbard 444Nkeiru Scotcher132 Sweden 447Stefan Lundqvist133 Tourism 450Emma J. Stewart and Daniela Liggett134 Transit passage 453Charles H. Norchi135 Unclaimed sector 456Naiade el-Khoury136 United Kingdom 459Romain Chuffart and CorineWood-Donnelly137 United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea 464Constance Johnson138 United Nations Convention onthe Law of the Sea – Article 234 468Kristin Bartenstein139 United States of America –Antarctica 471M.J. Peterson140 United States of America –Arctic 475Rebecca Pincus141 Washington Conference 479Shirley V. Scott and Toby Fadida142 Whaling 483Cameron Jefferies143 Whaling in the Antarctic case 486Malgosia Fitzmaurice andAgnes Rydberg144 World Heritage Convention 489Ben Boer