Agnieszka Szpak, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Robert Gawłowski, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Finance and Management in Bydgoszcz, WSB Merito University in Toruń, Joanna Modrzyńska, Doctor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Paweł Modrzyński, Doctor of Economics, Faculty of Management, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology and Michał Dahl, Lecturer, Alberta International School of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, Beijing Sport University, China

• Contents1 Introduction – Cities in international decision-making 2 Evolution of the status of cities in the international legaland political order3 Subjects and sources of international law and their relationto cities 4 The United Nations and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 5 The European Union and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 6 The Council of Europe’s Congress of Local and RegionalAuthorities and cities: Creating, shaping and enforcinginternational law 7 The role of transnational city networks in the creation andenforcement of international law ConclusionReferencesIndex

Agnieszka Szpak, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Robert Gawłowski, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Finance and Management in Bydgoszcz, WSB Merito University in Toruń, Joanna Modrzyńska, Doctor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Paweł Modrzyński, Doctor of Economics, Faculty of Management, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology and Michał Dahl, Lecturer, Alberta International School of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, Beijing Sport University, China

• Contents1 Introduction – Cities in international decision-making 2 Evolution of the status of cities in the international legaland political order3 Subjects and sources of international law and their relationto cities 4 The United Nations and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 5 The European Union and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 6 The Council of Europe’s Congress of Local and RegionalAuthorities and cities: Creating, shaping and enforcinginternational law 7 The role of transnational city networks in the creation andenforcement of international law ConclusionReferencesIndex

Agnieszka Szpak, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Robert Gawłowski, Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Finance and Management in Bydgoszcz, WSB Merito University in Toruń, Joanna Modrzyńska, Doctor of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science and Security Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Paweł Modrzyński, Doctor of Economics, Faculty of Management, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology and Michał Dahl, Lecturer, Alberta International School of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, Beijing Sport University, China

• Contents1 Introduction – Cities in international decision-making 2 Evolution of the status of cities in the international legaland political order3 Subjects and sources of international law and their relationto cities 4 The United Nations and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 5 The European Union and cities: Creating, shaping andenforcing international law 6 The Council of Europe’s Congress of Local and RegionalAuthorities and cities: Creating, shaping and enforcinginternational law 7 The role of transnational city networks in the creation andenforcement of international law ConclusionReferencesIndex