The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Editor’s Introduction Notes on Methodology Regional Sections 1. Americas· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Cocaine to Criminal Empires: The Diversification of Latin America’s Illicit Markets· Country/Territory Profileso Mexicoo Honduraso Colombiao Brazilo Haitio Jamaica2. Europe and Eurasia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Trenches to Traffickers: The Threat of Illegal-weapons Leakage from Ukraine· Country/Territory Profileso Russia–Ukraine3. Middle East and North Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham: From Non-state Armed Group to State Control· Country/Territory Profileso Israel–Irano Israel–Palestineo Lebanono Yemeno Syriao Iraqo Turkiyeo Libya4. Sub-Saharan Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightM23 Rebellion and Smuggling Business in the Eastern DRC· Country/Territory Profileso Malio Burkina Fasoo Nigero Nigeriao Cameroono Chado Central African Republico Democratic Republic of the Congoo Sudano South Sudano Ethiopiao Somaliao Mozambique5. Asia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Geopolitics of Southeast Asia’s Cyber-scamming Crisis· Country/Territory Profileso Myanmaro Afghanistano Pakistano Kashmiro Indiao Thailando Philippineso IndonesiaData AppendixIndex

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Editor’s Introduction Notes on Methodology Regional Sections 1. Americas· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Cocaine to Criminal Empires: The Diversification of Latin America’s Illicit Markets· Country/Territory Profileso Mexicoo Honduraso Colombiao Brazilo Haitio Jamaica2. Europe and Eurasia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Trenches to Traffickers: The Threat of Illegal-weapons Leakage from Ukraine· Country/Territory Profileso Russia–Ukraine3. Middle East and North Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham: From Non-state Armed Group to State Control· Country/Territory Profileso Israel–Irano Israel–Palestineo Lebanono Yemeno Syriao Iraqo Turkiyeo Libya4. Sub-Saharan Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightM23 Rebellion and Smuggling Business in the Eastern DRC· Country/Territory Profileso Malio Burkina Fasoo Nigero Nigeriao Cameroono Chado Central African Republico Democratic Republic of the Congoo Sudano South Sudano Ethiopiao Somaliao Mozambique5. Asia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Geopolitics of Southeast Asia’s Cyber-scamming Crisis· Country/Territory Profileso Myanmaro Afghanistano Pakistano Kashmiro Indiao Thailando Philippineso IndonesiaData AppendixIndex

The International Institute for Strategic Studies is an independent centre for research, information and debate on the problems of conflict, however caused, that have, or potentially have, an important military content. The staff of the Institute is international in composition and IISS work is international in its perspective and reach. The Institute is independent and stresses rigorous fact-based research with a forward-looking policy orientation that can improve wider public understanding of international security problems and influence the development of sounder public policy, and more effective business decisions in the international arena.

• Editor’s Introduction Notes on Methodology Regional Sections 1. Americas· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Cocaine to Criminal Empires: The Diversification of Latin America’s Illicit Markets· Country/Territory Profileso Mexicoo Honduraso Colombiao Brazilo Haitio Jamaica2. Europe and Eurasia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightFrom Trenches to Traffickers: The Threat of Illegal-weapons Leakage from Ukraine· Country/Territory Profileso Russia–Ukraine3. Middle East and North Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham: From Non-state Armed Group to State Control· Country/Territory Profileso Israel–Irano Israel–Palestineo Lebanono Yemeno Syriao Iraqo Turkiyeo Libya4. Sub-Saharan Africa· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightM23 Rebellion and Smuggling Business in the Eastern DRC· Country/Territory Profileso Malio Burkina Fasoo Nigero Nigeriao Cameroono Chado Central African Republico Democratic Republic of the Congoo Sudano South Sudano Ethiopiao Somaliao Mozambique5. Asia· Regional Analysis· Regional SpotlightThe Geopolitics of Southeast Asia’s Cyber-scamming Crisis· Country/Territory Profileso Myanmaro Afghanistano Pakistano Kashmiro Indiao Thailando Philippineso IndonesiaData AppendixIndex