Cognitive Science - International Student Edition

Jay Friedenberg is Professor of the Psychology Department at Manhattan College, where he directs the Cognitive Science Program. He is interested in both vision and the philosophy of mind. He teaches courses in physiological psychology, cognition and learning, sensation and perception, and artificial intelligence and robotics. He has published several articles on visual estimation of center of mass. His current research projects focus on the aesthetics of geometrical shapes. He has published books on artificial intelligence, dynamical systems theory, and psychology. He is a member of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, the Eastern Psychological Association, the Vision Science Society, the Psychonomic Society, and Phi Beta Kappa. He obtained his PhD in cognitive psychology in 1995 at the University of Virginia.Gordon Silverman is Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Manhattan College. His professional career spans more than 55 years of corporate, teaching, consulting, and research experience, during which he has developed a range of scientific instruments, particularly for use in physiological psychology research environments. He is the holder of eight patents, some related to behavior modification. The author of more than 20 journal articles and books, he has also served on the faculties of The Rockefeller University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. His current research interests include telemedicine, rehabilitation medicine, artificial intelligence, and biomedical instrumentation and modeling. He holds engineering degrees from Columbia University and received a PhD in system science from New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering in 1972.Michael Spivey is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, Merced. He earned his B.A. in Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and his Ph.D. in Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the University of Rochester. After 12 years as a psychology professor at Cornell University, Spivey moved to UC Merced to help build their Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences. He has published over 100 journal articles and book chapters on the embodiment of cognition, and interactions between language, vision, memory, syntax, semantics, and motor movement. His research uses eye-tracking, computer-mouse tracking, and dynamical systems theory to explore how brain, body, and environment work together to make a mind what it is. In 2010, Spivey received the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement from the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Honor Society.

• PrefaceAbout the AuthorsCHAPTER 1. Introduction: Exploring Mental SpaceA Brave New WorldWhat Is Cognitive Science?RepresentationComputationThe Interdisciplinary PerspectiveSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 1CHAPTER 2. The Philosophical Approach: Enduring QuestionsWhat Is Philosophy?Chapter OverviewThe Mind–Body Problem: What Is Mind?MonismDualismFunctionalism: Are Minds Limited to Brains?The Knowledge Acquisition Problem: How Do We Acquire Knowledge?The Mystery of Consciousness: What Is Consciousness and How Does It Operate?Evaluating the Emergent View of MindOverall Evaluation of the Philosophical ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 2CHAPTER 3. The Psychological Approach: A Profusion of TheoriesWhat Is Psychology?Psychology and the Scientific MethodIntelligence TestsMental Atoms, Mental Molecules, and a Periodic Table of the Mind: The Voluntarist MovementStructuralism: What the Mind IsFunctionalism: What the Mind DoesThe Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mental Physics and the Gestalt MovementMini Minds: Mechanism and Psychoanalytic PsychologyMind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist ApproachOverall Evaluation of the Psychological ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 3CHAPTER 4. The Cognitive Approach I: Vision, Pattern Recognition, and AttentionSome History First: The Rise of Cognitive PsychologyThe Cognitive Approach: Mind as an Information ProcessorModularity of MindTheories of Vision and Pattern Recognition: How Do We Recognize Objects?Theories of Attention: How Do We Pay Attention?Evaluating the Model-Building ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 4CHAPTER 5. The Cognitive Approach II: Memory, Imagery, Concepts, and Problem SolvingTypes of Memory: How Do We Remember?Memory ModelsConcepts: How Do We Represent Our Knowledge of Concepts?Problem Solving: How Do We Solve Problems?Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 5CHAPTER 6. The Neuroscience Approach: Mind as BrainThe Neuroscience PerspectiveMethodology in NeuroscienceThe Small Picture: Neuron Anatomy and PhysiologyThe Big Picture: Brain AnatomyThe Neuroscience of Visual Object RecognitionThe Neuroscience of AttentionThe Neuroscience of MemoryThe Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem SolvingOverall Evaluation of the Neuroscience ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 6CHAPTER 7. The Network Approach: Mind as a WebThe Network PerspectiveArtificial Neural NetworksCharacteristics of Artificial Neural NetworksEarly Conceptions of Neural NetworksBackpropagationEvaluating the Connectionist ApproachSemantic Networks: Meaning in the WebNetwork ScienceOverall Evaluation of the Network ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 7CHAPTER 8. The Evolutionary Approach: Change Over TimeThe Evolutionary ViewA Little Background: Natural Selection and GeneticsComparative CognitionEvolutionary PsychologyEvaluating Evolutionary PsychologyOverall Evaluation of the Evolutionary ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 8CHAPTER 9. The Linguistic Approach: Language and Cognitive ScienceThe Linguistic Approach: The Importance of LanguageThe Nature of LanguageLanguage ProcessingLanguage AcquisitionLanguage DeprivationLanguage Use in Nonhuman AnimalsNeuroscience and Linguistics: The Wernicke–Geschwind ModelArtificial Intelligence and Linguistics: Natural Language ProcessingOverall Evaluation of the Linguistic ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 9CHAPTER 10. The Emotional Approach: Mind as EmotionEmotion and Cognitive ScienceWhat Is Emotion?Theories of EmotionBasic EmotionsEmotions, Evolution, and Psychological DisordersEmotions and NeuroscienceHot and Cold: Emotion–Cognition InteractionsEmotions and Artificial Intelligence: Affective ComputingOverall Evaluation of the Emotional ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 10CHAPTER 11. The Social Approach: Mind as SocietySocial CognitionSocial Cognitive NeuroscienceTopics in Social Cognitive NeuroscienceIs Social Cognitive Neuroscience Special?Advantages of the Social Cognitive Neuroscience ApproachTheory of MindOther Social Cognitive DisordersAttitudesImpressionsAttributionStereotypesPrejudiceOverall Evaluation of the Social ApproachSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 11CHAPTER 12. The Artificial Intelligence Approach I: The Computer as a Cognitive EntityCognitive Science and Artificial IntelligenceDefining AIPractical AIThe Legacies of Turing and ZadehIntelligent Agents That Think, Learn, and Make DecisionsFundamental Concepts of the IALearning ExperiencesArtificial General IntelligenceReverse Engineering the BrainAssessment of AI and AGISumming Up: A Review of Chapter 12CHAPTER 13. The Artificial Intelligence Approach II: Embedded Intelligence and RoboticsMechanical BeginningsEmbodied Cognitive ScienceRobotic Embodied IntelligenceThe Intelligent Agent ParadigmEvolutionary Embodiments: The Merger of Human Cognitive Behavior, Biology, and Intelligent AgentsRobotic EmbodimentsRobotic RealizationsCooperating Intelligent Agents and SwarmingMachine–Human InteractionsOverall Evaluation of Embedded IntelligenceSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 13CHAPTER 14. The Embodied Ecological Approach: A Dynamic Future for Cognitive Science?Embodied and Extended CognitionPerceptual Symbol Systems and Motor AffordancesPerceptual SimulationsDynamical Systems TheoryDynamical RepresentationDynamical Versus Classical Cognitive ScienceEcological and Extended CognitionIntegrating Cognitive ScienceThe Benefits of Cognitive ScienceThe FutureSumming Up: A Review of Chapter 14GlossaryReferencesIndex