Jonathan Bonnitcha is a senior lawyer in the Australian Government's Office of International Law and a visiting fellow in international investment law and policy at the Australian National University, Canberra.

• 1. Introduction; 2. The structure of existing debate; 3. A framework for evaluating different levels of investment treaty protection; 4. Fair and equitable treatment; 5. Indirect expropriation; 6. Application of the framework and conclusions; 7. Implications of the conclusions; 8. The future of debate about investment treaties.

Jonathan Bonnitcha is a senior lawyer in the Australian Government's Office of International Law and a visiting fellow in international investment law and policy at the Australian National University, Canberra.

• 1. Introduction; 2. The structure of existing debate; 3. A framework for evaluating different levels of investment treaty protection; 4. Fair and equitable treatment; 5. Indirect expropriation; 6. Application of the framework and conclusions; 7. Implications of the conclusions; 8. The future of debate about investment treaties.

Jonathan Bonnitcha is a senior lawyer in the Australian Government's Office of International Law and a visiting fellow in international investment law and policy at the Australian National University, Canberra.

• 1. Introduction; 2. The structure of existing debate; 3. A framework for evaluating different levels of investment treaty protection; 4. Fair and equitable treatment; 5. Indirect expropriation; 6. Application of the framework and conclusions; 7. Implications of the conclusions; 8. The future of debate about investment treaties.