Andrés Illanes is Professor in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. He has been researching enzyme biocatalysis since the 1970s, having done research in the main topics related to enzyme technology, and taught many courses at the undergraduate, M.Sc and Ph.D level in the subject both in Chile and abroad. He has authored over 80 ISI journal publications, several book chapters and three books on this topic, the latest with Springer 2008 Enzyme Biocatalysis: Principles and Applications.Lorena Wilson is Associate Professor at the School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. She has worked on enzyme biocatalysis since her time as an undergraduate and done research in aspects related mostly to biocatalyst engineering and enzyme reactor performance. She has more than ten years teaching experience focused mostly on the subject of enzyme biocatalysis. She is a Biochemical Engineer with a PhD from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. Dr Wilson is also author of more than 40 ISI publications in high ranked journals and several book chapters.Carlos Vera works in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.

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• Preface ix Nomenclature xiEpsilon Software Information xxi1 Facts and Figures in Enzyme Biocatalysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Enzymes as Process Catalysts 31.3 Evolution of Enzyme Biocatalysis: From Hydrolysis to Synthesis 51.4 The Enzyme Market: Figures and Outlook 6References 72 Enzyme Kinetics in a Homogeneous System 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Theory of Enzyme Kinetics 142.3 Single-Substrate Reactions 172.4 Multiple-Substrate Reactions 192.5 Multiple-Enzyme Reactions 212.6 Determination of Kinetic Parameters 222.7 Effects of Operational Variables on Enzyme Kinetics 24Solved Problems 29Supplementary Problems 72References 843 Enzyme Kinetics in a Heterogeneous System 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 873.3 Mass-Transfer Limitations in Enzyme Catalysis 923.4 Determination of Intrinsic Kinetic and Mass-Transfer Parameters 102Solved Problems 105Supplementary Problems 127References 1384 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Ideal Conditions 1414.1 Modes of Operation and Reactor Configurations 1414.2 Definition of Ideal Conditions 1424.3 Strategy for Reactor Design and Performance Evaluation 1434.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Ideal Conditions 143Solved Problems 157Supplementary Problems 174References 1795 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Mass-Transfer Limitations 1815.1 Sequential Batch and Continuously Operated Reactors with Immobilized Enzymes 1825.2 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Mass-Transfer Limitations 183Solved Problems 185Supplementary Problems 1986 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2036.1 Mechanistically Based Mathematical Models of Enzyme Inactivation 2036.2 Effect of Catalytic Modulators on Enzyme Inactivation 2056.3 Mathematical Models for Different Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2066.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Simultaneous Mass-Transfer Limitations and Enzyme Inactivation 2126.5 Strategies for Reactor Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 213Solved Problems 215Supplementary Problems 233References 2407 Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Operation 2437.1 Strategy for the Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Performance 2447.2 Mathematical Programming for Static Optimization 2477.3 Dynamic Programming 2487.4 Statistical Optimization by Surface Response Methodology 249Solved Problems 254Supplementary Problems 272References 275Appendix A Mathematical Methods 277A.1. Newton’s Method 277A.2. Curve Fitting by Least Squares 280A.3. Solving Ordinary Differential Equations 296A.4. Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations 302References 310Index 311

Andrés Illanes is Professor in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. He has been researching enzyme biocatalysis since the 1970s, having done research in the main topics related to enzyme technology, and taught many courses at the undergraduate, M.Sc and Ph.D level in the subject both in Chile and abroad. He has authored over 80 ISI journal publications, several book chapters and three books on this topic, the latest with Springer 2008 Enzyme Biocatalysis: Principles and Applications.Lorena Wilson is Associate Professor at the School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. She has worked on enzyme biocatalysis since her time as an undergraduate and done research in aspects related mostly to biocatalyst engineering and enzyme reactor performance. She has more than ten years teaching experience focused mostly on the subject of enzyme biocatalysis. She is a Biochemical Engineer with a PhD from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. Dr Wilson is also author of more than 40 ISI publications in high ranked journals and several book chapters.Carlos Vera works in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.

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• Preface ix Nomenclature xiEpsilon Software Information xxi1 Facts and Figures in Enzyme Biocatalysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Enzymes as Process Catalysts 31.3 Evolution of Enzyme Biocatalysis: From Hydrolysis to Synthesis 51.4 The Enzyme Market: Figures and Outlook 6References 72 Enzyme Kinetics in a Homogeneous System 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Theory of Enzyme Kinetics 142.3 Single-Substrate Reactions 172.4 Multiple-Substrate Reactions 192.5 Multiple-Enzyme Reactions 212.6 Determination of Kinetic Parameters 222.7 Effects of Operational Variables on Enzyme Kinetics 24Solved Problems 29Supplementary Problems 72References 843 Enzyme Kinetics in a Heterogeneous System 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 873.3 Mass-Transfer Limitations in Enzyme Catalysis 923.4 Determination of Intrinsic Kinetic and Mass-Transfer Parameters 102Solved Problems 105Supplementary Problems 127References 1384 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Ideal Conditions 1414.1 Modes of Operation and Reactor Configurations 1414.2 Definition of Ideal Conditions 1424.3 Strategy for Reactor Design and Performance Evaluation 1434.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Ideal Conditions 143Solved Problems 157Supplementary Problems 174References 1795 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Mass-Transfer Limitations 1815.1 Sequential Batch and Continuously Operated Reactors with Immobilized Enzymes 1825.2 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Mass-Transfer Limitations 183Solved Problems 185Supplementary Problems 1986 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2036.1 Mechanistically Based Mathematical Models of Enzyme Inactivation 2036.2 Effect of Catalytic Modulators on Enzyme Inactivation 2056.3 Mathematical Models for Different Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2066.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Simultaneous Mass-Transfer Limitations and Enzyme Inactivation 2126.5 Strategies for Reactor Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 213Solved Problems 215Supplementary Problems 233References 2407 Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Operation 2437.1 Strategy for the Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Performance 2447.2 Mathematical Programming for Static Optimization 2477.3 Dynamic Programming 2487.4 Statistical Optimization by Surface Response Methodology 249Solved Problems 254Supplementary Problems 272References 275Appendix A Mathematical Methods 277A.1. Newton’s Method 277A.2. Curve Fitting by Least Squares 280A.3. Solving Ordinary Differential Equations 296A.4. Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations 302References 310Index 311

Andrés Illanes is Professor in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile. He has been researching enzyme biocatalysis since the 1970s, having done research in the main topics related to enzyme technology, and taught many courses at the undergraduate, M.Sc and Ph.D level in the subject both in Chile and abroad. He has authored over 80 ISI journal publications, several book chapters and three books on this topic, the latest with Springer 2008 Enzyme Biocatalysis: Principles and Applications.Lorena Wilson is Associate Professor at the School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. She has worked on enzyme biocatalysis since her time as an undergraduate and done research in aspects related mostly to biocatalyst engineering and enzyme reactor performance. She has more than ten years teaching experience focused mostly on the subject of enzyme biocatalysis. She is a Biochemical Engineer with a PhD from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. Dr Wilson is also author of more than 40 ISI publications in high ranked journals and several book chapters.Carlos Vera works in the School of Biochemical Engineering at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile.

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• Preface ix Nomenclature xiEpsilon Software Information xxi1 Facts and Figures in Enzyme Biocatalysis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Enzymes as Process Catalysts 31.3 Evolution of Enzyme Biocatalysis: From Hydrolysis to Synthesis 51.4 The Enzyme Market: Figures and Outlook 6References 72 Enzyme Kinetics in a Homogeneous System 112.1 Introduction 112.2 Theory of Enzyme Kinetics 142.3 Single-Substrate Reactions 172.4 Multiple-Substrate Reactions 192.5 Multiple-Enzyme Reactions 212.6 Determination of Kinetic Parameters 222.7 Effects of Operational Variables on Enzyme Kinetics 24Solved Problems 29Supplementary Problems 72References 843 Enzyme Kinetics in a Heterogeneous System 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 873.3 Mass-Transfer Limitations in Enzyme Catalysis 923.4 Determination of Intrinsic Kinetic and Mass-Transfer Parameters 102Solved Problems 105Supplementary Problems 127References 1384 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Ideal Conditions 1414.1 Modes of Operation and Reactor Configurations 1414.2 Definition of Ideal Conditions 1424.3 Strategy for Reactor Design and Performance Evaluation 1434.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Ideal Conditions 143Solved Problems 157Supplementary Problems 174References 1795 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Mass-Transfer Limitations 1815.1 Sequential Batch and Continuously Operated Reactors with Immobilized Enzymes 1825.2 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Mass-Transfer Limitations 183Solved Problems 185Supplementary Problems 1986 Enzyme Reactor Design and Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2036.1 Mechanistically Based Mathematical Models of Enzyme Inactivation 2036.2 Effect of Catalytic Modulators on Enzyme Inactivation 2056.3 Mathematical Models for Different Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Biocatalyst Inactivation 2066.4 Mathematical Models for Enzyme Kinetics, Modes of Operation, and Reactor Configurations under Simultaneous Mass-Transfer Limitations and Enzyme Inactivation 2126.5 Strategies for Reactor Operation under Biocatalyst Inactivation 213Solved Problems 215Supplementary Problems 233References 2407 Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Operation 2437.1 Strategy for the Optimization of Enzyme Reactor Performance 2447.2 Mathematical Programming for Static Optimization 2477.3 Dynamic Programming 2487.4 Statistical Optimization by Surface Response Methodology 249Solved Problems 254Supplementary Problems 272References 275Appendix A Mathematical Methods 277A.1. Newton’s Method 277A.2. Curve Fitting by Least Squares 280A.3. Solving Ordinary Differential Equations 296A.4. Numerical Methods for Solving Differential Equations 302References 310Index 311