Introduction to Community and Public Health

Manoj Sharma, MBBS, MCHES, PHD, FAAHB is a professor at the Jackson State University’s MPH and Dr. PH programs in Behavioral Health Promotion & Education Paul W. Branscum, PHD, RD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Health and Exercise Science at the University of Oklahoma.Ashutosh Atri, MD, MS, is a practicing psychiatrist in Kearney, Nebraska, and has completed graduate training in health promotion and education from the University of Cincinnati.

• Figures and Tables xiiiPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxiiiThe Authors xxvChapter 1 Introduction to Community and Public Health 1Learning Objectives 1Defining Community and Public Health 1Basic Terms in Community and Public Health 5Issues in Community and Public Health 10Factors Affecting Community and Public Health 12Community and Public Health Organizations 19Historical Timeline for Community and Public Health 24Current Challenges in Community and Public Health 37Summary 40Key Terms 41Review Questions 42Skill-Building Activity 42Websites to Explore 43References 45Chapter 2 Descriptive Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 49Learning Objectives 49Definition, Scope, and Evolution of Epidemiology 49Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytical Epidemiology 51Contributions of Epidemiology 52Uses and Functions of Epidemiology 54Agent, Host, and Environment 56Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages 57Summary 79Key Terms 80Review Questions 81Skill-Building Activity 81Websites to Explore 82References 83Chapter 3 Analytical Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 87Learning Objectives 87Types of Analytical Epidemiological Studies 87Association and Causation 100Infectious Disease Epidemiology 103Chronic Disease Epidemiology 107Selected Lifestyle Risk Factors 110Summary 114Key Terms 115Review Questions 115Skill-Building Activity 116Websites to Explore 116References 117Chapter 4 Descriptive Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 123Learning Objectives 123Basic Terms in Biostatistics 123Frequency Distribution 127Measures of Central Tendency 129Measures of Dispersion 130Graphing Methods in Biostatistics 132Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions 132Summary 138Key Terms 138Review Questions 139Skill-Building Activity 139Websites to Explore 140References 142Chapter 5 Inferential Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 143Learning Objectives 143Estimation 143Hypothesis Testing 145Testing Differences Between Two Group Means 148Nonparametric Tests for Testing Differences Between Two Groups 151Testing Differences Between Three or More Patient Protection and AffordableGroups 152Nonparametric Counterparts of ANOVA 158Testing Differences in Proportions 158Testing Associations Between Two or More Variables 160Summary 164Key Terms 165Review Questions 166Skill-Building Activity 166Websites to Explore 167References 168Chapter 6 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Community and Public Health 171Learning Objectives 171Reasons for Studying Social and Behavioral Sciences 171Examples from Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity, and HIV/AIDS 180Community Organization and Community Building 186Summary 192Key Terms 193Review Questions 193Skill-Building Activity 194Websites to Explore 194References 195Chapter 7 Models in Health Education and Health Promotion 199Learning Objectives 199Planning Health Education and Health Promotion Interventions 199PRECEDE-PROCEED 200PATCH 209MATCH 212Intervention Mapping 217APEXPH 219PEN-3 220Summary 226Key Terms 226Review Questions 227Skill-Building Activity 227Websites to Explore 228References 229Chapter 8 Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 231Learning Objectives 231Using Theories and Models 231Health Belief Model 233Transtheoretical Model 237Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrative Model 242Social Cognitive Theory 248Social Marketing 251Diffusion of Innovations Theory 254Summary 259Key Terms 259Review Questions 261Skill-Building Activity 261Websites to Explore 261References 262Chapter 9 Methods in Health Education and Health Promotion 265Learning Objectives 265Methods of Teaching and Learning 265Cognitive Methods in Health Education 268Affective Methods in Health Education 271Environmental Methods in Health Promotion 281Summary 285Key Terms 286Review Questions 287Skill-Building Activity 287Websites to Explore 287References 288Chapter 10 Population Dynamics and Control 291Learning Objectives 291Demographic Cycle 291World Population Trends 292World Population Stabilizationor Decline Postpeak 299Summary 310Key Terms 311Review Questions 312Skill-Building Activity 312Websites to Explore 312References 314Chapter 11 Air, Water, and Noise Pollution 315Learning Objectives 315Air Pollution 315Water Pollution 323Noise Pollution 330Solid Waste Management 335Climate Change and Global Warming 337Summary 342Key Terms 344Review Questions 344Skill-Building Activity 345Websites to Explore 345References 346Chapter 12 Injury Control and Other Environmental Issues 349Learning Objectives 349Unintentional Injuries 349Intentional Injuries 354Pests and Pesticides 358Radiation 363Disaster Management 366Occupational Safety and Health 369Summary 377Key Terms 379Review Questions 380Skill-Building Activity 380Websites to Explore 380References 381Chapter 13 Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Services and Public Health Systems in the United States 387Learning Objectives 387Understanding the Structure and Functioning of the USHealth Care System 387Organization of US Health Care 389The Uninsured Population 393Lack of Insurance and Access to Health Care Services 396Financing Health Systems 399US Health Care in the International Context 400Utilization Trends 402Private Health Insurance and Managed Care 404Cost Containment Initiatives 406Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 408Organization of Public Health in the United States 410Summary 415Key Terms 418Review Questions 419Skill-Building Activity 419Websites to Explore 420References 421Chapter 14 Program Planning, Budgeting, Management, and Evaluation in Community Initiatives 425Learning Objectives 425Planning Public Health Programs 425Preparing Budgets for Public Health Programs 432Administration and Management of Public Health Programs 440Evaluation of Public Health Programs 445Summary 451Key Terms 452Review Questions 453Skill-Building Activity 453Websites to Explore 454References 455Chapter 15 Systems Thinking and Leadership in Community and Public Health 457Learning Objectives 457Systems Thinking: The Approach 457Basics of Leadership 462Leadership Styles 465Leadership in Health Care 466NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model 467Cultural Competence 469Summary 479Key Terms 481Review Questions 482Skill-Building Activity 482Websites to Explore 483References 484Glossary 489Index 527