Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

“Although they claim in the Preface that this book is written for university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds, I believe having read the majority of the scientific aspects of the work it really expects the reader to have a very thorough knowledge of polymer chemistry at the nanometer level of particle or pore size and suggest this book is aimed at the researchers in the pharmaceutical industry or academics in pharmaceutical chemistry research rather than researchers into biomaterials.”  (Scope, 1 February 2014)

• Preface xvii 1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3 1.3 Delivery Systems 4 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20 1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24 1.10 Drug Loading 25 1.11 Drug Release 26 1.12 Conclusion 27 References 27 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava 2.1 Cancer Pathology 36 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37 2.3 Treatment 41 Conclusion 42 References 42 3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 75 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 85S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Nanoparticles 86 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136 4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 5  Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen 5.1 Introduction 1795.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1815.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1835.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194 References 195 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P. 6.1 Introduction 200 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 2026.3 Biosensors 2056.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 2176.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227 Acknowledgment 227 References 228 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky 7.1  Introduction 233 7.2 Experimental Techniques 236 7.3 Model Formulation 238 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245 7.5 Discussion 251 7.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 256 Appendix 256 References 260 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276 8.5 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgments 281 References 283 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319 9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337 9.9 Conclusions 340 References 341 10 Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353Jela Miliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus 10.1 Introduction 354 10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359 10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366 10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372 10.5 Conclusions 389 Acknowledgement 390 References 390 11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang 11.1 Introduction 398 11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400 11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409 11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413 11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420 11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425 References 425 12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433 12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435 12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436 12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439 12.6 Summary 451 References 451 13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi 13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458 13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458 13.3 Application of MIPs 463 13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464 13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465 13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466 13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467 13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475 13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480 13.10 Conclusion 480 References 480 14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon 14.1 Introduction 486 14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489 14.3 Immunoassays 491 14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504 14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507 14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510 Conclusion 513 References

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

“Although they claim in the Preface that this book is written for university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds, I believe having read the majority of the scientific aspects of the work it really expects the reader to have a very thorough knowledge of polymer chemistry at the nanometer level of particle or pore size and suggest this book is aimed at the researchers in the pharmaceutical industry or academics in pharmaceutical chemistry research rather than researchers into biomaterials.”  (Scope, 1 February 2014)

• Preface xvii 1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3 1.3 Delivery Systems 4 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20 1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24 1.10 Drug Loading 25 1.11 Drug Release 26 1.12 Conclusion 27 References 27 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava 2.1 Cancer Pathology 36 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37 2.3 Treatment 41 Conclusion 42 References 42 3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 75 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 85S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Nanoparticles 86 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136 4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 5  Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen 5.1 Introduction 1795.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1815.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1835.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194 References 195 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P. 6.1 Introduction 200 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 2026.3 Biosensors 2056.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 2176.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227 Acknowledgment 227 References 228 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky 7.1  Introduction 233 7.2 Experimental Techniques 236 7.3 Model Formulation 238 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245 7.5 Discussion 251 7.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 256 Appendix 256 References 260 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276 8.5 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgments 281 References 283 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319 9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337 9.9 Conclusions 340 References 341 10 Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353Jela Miliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus 10.1 Introduction 354 10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359 10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366 10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372 10.5 Conclusions 389 Acknowledgement 390 References 390 11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang 11.1 Introduction 398 11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400 11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409 11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413 11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420 11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425 References 425 12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433 12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435 12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436 12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439 12.6 Summary 451 References 451 13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi 13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458 13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458 13.3 Application of MIPs 463 13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464 13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465 13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466 13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467 13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475 13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480 13.10 Conclusion 480 References 480 14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon 14.1 Introduction 486 14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489 14.3 Immunoassays 491 14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504 14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507 14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510 Conclusion 513 References

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

“Although they claim in the Preface that this book is written for university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds, I believe having read the majority of the scientific aspects of the work it really expects the reader to have a very thorough knowledge of polymer chemistry at the nanometer level of particle or pore size and suggest this book is aimed at the researchers in the pharmaceutical industry or academics in pharmaceutical chemistry research rather than researchers into biomaterials.”  (Scope, 1 February 2014)

• Preface xvii 1 Stimuli-Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3 1.3 Delivery Systems 4 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20 1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24 1.10 Drug Loading 25 1.11 Drug Release 26 1.12 Conclusion 27 References 27 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer—Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava 2.1 Cancer Pathology 36 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37 2.3 Treatment 41 Conclusion 42 References 42 3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64 3.5 Conclusions 75 References 75 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 85S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Nanoparticles 86 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain-Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD-Related Pathologies 110 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136 4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 5  Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro-and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen 5.1 Introduction 1795.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1815.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro- and Nanoparticles 1835.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194 References 195 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro-Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P. 6.1 Introduction 200 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 2026.3 Biosensors 2056.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 2176.5 Applications of Micro-Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227 Acknowledgment 227 References 228 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky 7.1  Introduction 233 7.2 Experimental Techniques 236 7.3 Model Formulation 238 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245 7.5 Discussion 251 7.6 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 256 Appendix 256 References 260 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276 8.5 Conclusions 281 Acknowledgments 281 References 283 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319 9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337 9.9 Conclusions 340 References 341 10 Modified Natural Zeolites—Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353Jela Miliæ, Aleksandra Dakoviæ, Danina Krajišnik and George E. Rottinghaus 10.1 Introduction 354 10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359 10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366 10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372 10.5 Conclusions 389 Acknowledgement 390 References 390 11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang 11.1 Introduction 398 11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 400 11.3 Stimulus-Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409 11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413 11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane-Based Hydrogels 420 11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425 References 425 12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433 12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435 12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436 12.5 PHA-Based Polymer Blends 439 12.6 Summary 451 References 451 13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi 13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458 13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458 13.3 Application of MIPs 463 13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464 13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio-Molecular Recognition 465 13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466 13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467 13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475 13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480 13.10 Conclusion 480 References 480 14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon 14.1 Introduction 486 14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489 14.3 Immunoassays 491 14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504 14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507 14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510 Conclusion 513 References