PROFESSOR KEITH N. FRAYN is Emeritus Professor of Human Metabolism at the University of Oxford. He has published extensively in the area of metabolic regulation, including the textbook Human Metabolism: a Regulatory Perspective. SARA STANNER is Science Director at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She edited the first edition of Cardiovascular Disease: Diet, Nutrition and Emerging Risk Factors and other BNF Task Force books. SARAH COE is a Nutrition Scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She is Technical Editor and Secretariat of this BNF Task Force report.

• Foreword viiList of Common Abbreviations ixAbout the Companion Website xiTerms of Reference xiiiTask Force Membership xv1 The Aetiology and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 1Professor Keith N. Frayn and Sara Stanner2 The Fetal and Childhood Origins of Cardiometabolic Disease 29Professor Caroline Fall and Dr Kalyanaraman Kumaran3 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes 49Professor Keith N. Frayn, Dr Stacey Lockyer, and Sara Stanner4 Lipid‐Related Factors 75Professor Leanne Hodson5 Inflammation‐Related Factors 99Professor Parveen Yaqoob and Professor Gordon Ferns6 Adipose Tissue‐Derived Factors 121Dr Vidya Mohamed-Ali and Dr Mashael AlJaber7 Endothelial and Vascular Function 153Professor Gordon Ferns and Professor Sumantra Ray8 The Haemostatic System: Coagulation, Platelets, and Fibrinolysis 179Professor Coen Stehouwer, Professor Marlien Pieters and Dr Moniek P.M. de Maat9 Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 213Professor Richard Bruckdorfer10 Vitamins and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 245Professor Robert Clarke11 Influences of the Human Gut Microbiome 271Professor Julie Lovegrove and Dr Gemma Walton12 Physical Fitness and Physical Activity: Effects on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 293Professor Marie Murphy, Professor Steven N. Blair, and Bridget Benelam13 Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Where Are We Now? 311Professor Judith L. Buttriss and Sarah Coe14 Conclusions of the Task Force 36715 Recommendations of the Task Force 37516 Cardiovascular Disease: Answers to Common Questions 393References 415Index 511

PROFESSOR KEITH N. FRAYN is Emeritus Professor of Human Metabolism at the University of Oxford. He has published extensively in the area of metabolic regulation, including the textbook Human Metabolism: a Regulatory Perspective. SARA STANNER is Science Director at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She edited the first edition of Cardiovascular Disease: Diet, Nutrition and Emerging Risk Factors and other BNF Task Force books. SARAH COE is a Nutrition Scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She is Technical Editor and Secretariat of this BNF Task Force report.

• Foreword viiList of Common Abbreviations ixAbout the Companion Website xiTerms of Reference xiiiTask Force Membership xv1 The Aetiology and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 1Professor Keith N. Frayn and Sara Stanner2 The Fetal and Childhood Origins of Cardiometabolic Disease 29Professor Caroline Fall and Dr Kalyanaraman Kumaran3 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes 49Professor Keith N. Frayn, Dr Stacey Lockyer, and Sara Stanner4 Lipid‐Related Factors 75Professor Leanne Hodson5 Inflammation‐Related Factors 99Professor Parveen Yaqoob and Professor Gordon Ferns6 Adipose Tissue‐Derived Factors 121Dr Vidya Mohamed-Ali and Dr Mashael AlJaber7 Endothelial and Vascular Function 153Professor Gordon Ferns and Professor Sumantra Ray8 The Haemostatic System: Coagulation, Platelets, and Fibrinolysis 179Professor Coen Stehouwer, Professor Marlien Pieters and Dr Moniek P.M. de Maat9 Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 213Professor Richard Bruckdorfer10 Vitamins and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 245Professor Robert Clarke11 Influences of the Human Gut Microbiome 271Professor Julie Lovegrove and Dr Gemma Walton12 Physical Fitness and Physical Activity: Effects on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 293Professor Marie Murphy, Professor Steven N. Blair, and Bridget Benelam13 Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Where Are We Now? 311Professor Judith L. Buttriss and Sarah Coe14 Conclusions of the Task Force 36715 Recommendations of the Task Force 37516 Cardiovascular Disease: Answers to Common Questions 393References 415Index 511

PROFESSOR KEITH N. FRAYN is Emeritus Professor of Human Metabolism at the University of Oxford. He has published extensively in the area of metabolic regulation, including the textbook Human Metabolism: a Regulatory Perspective. SARA STANNER is Science Director at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She edited the first edition of Cardiovascular Disease: Diet, Nutrition and Emerging Risk Factors and other BNF Task Force books. SARAH COE is a Nutrition Scientist at the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF). She is Technical Editor and Secretariat of this BNF Task Force report.

• Foreword viiList of Common Abbreviations ixAbout the Companion Website xiTerms of Reference xiiiTask Force Membership xv1 The Aetiology and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 1Professor Keith N. Frayn and Sara Stanner2 The Fetal and Childhood Origins of Cardiometabolic Disease 29Professor Caroline Fall and Dr Kalyanaraman Kumaran3 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes 49Professor Keith N. Frayn, Dr Stacey Lockyer, and Sara Stanner4 Lipid‐Related Factors 75Professor Leanne Hodson5 Inflammation‐Related Factors 99Professor Parveen Yaqoob and Professor Gordon Ferns6 Adipose Tissue‐Derived Factors 121Dr Vidya Mohamed-Ali and Dr Mashael AlJaber7 Endothelial and Vascular Function 153Professor Gordon Ferns and Professor Sumantra Ray8 The Haemostatic System: Coagulation, Platelets, and Fibrinolysis 179Professor Coen Stehouwer, Professor Marlien Pieters and Dr Moniek P.M. de Maat9 Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 213Professor Richard Bruckdorfer10 Vitamins and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 245Professor Robert Clarke11 Influences of the Human Gut Microbiome 271Professor Julie Lovegrove and Dr Gemma Walton12 Physical Fitness and Physical Activity: Effects on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 293Professor Marie Murphy, Professor Steven N. Blair, and Bridget Benelam13 Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Where Are We Now? 311Professor Judith L. Buttriss and Sarah Coe14 Conclusions of the Task Force 36715 Recommendations of the Task Force 37516 Cardiovascular Disease: Answers to Common Questions 393References 415Index 511