Nanostructured Polymer Membranes, Volume 2

Visakh P.M. is working as post doc. researcher at Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia. He obtained his PhD, MPhil and MSc degrees from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has edited 15 books for a variety of international publishers and has been a visiting researcher in many countries since 2011. His research interests include polymer nanocomposites, bio-nanocomposites and rubber based nanocomposites, fire retardant polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and silicon sensors.Olga Nazarenko obtained her PhD in Technical Sciences from Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia where she is now a Professor in the Ecology and Basic Safety Department. In 2007 she obtained her DSc. in Processes and Apparatus of Chemical Technology. She has 170 publications, 3 books and 8 textbooks and 7 patents to her credit.

• Preface xvii1 Nanostructured Polymer Membranes: Applications, State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1Visakh. P. M1.1 Membranes: Technology and Applications 11.2 Polymer Membranes: Gas and Vapor Separation 31.3 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 41.4 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Methanol Fuel Cell 51.5 Polymer Membranes for Water Desalination and Treatment 61.6 Biopolymer Electrolytes for Energy Devices 71.7 Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes 91.8 Natural Nanofibers in Polymer Membranes for Energy Applications 101.9 Potential of Carbon Nanoparticles for Pervaporation Polymeric Membranes 141.10 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Nanofiltration Application 161.11 Fundamentals, Applications and Future Prospects of Nanofiltration Membrane Technique 18References 192 Membranes: Technology and Applications 27Yang Liu and Guibin Wang2.1 Introduction 272.2 Reverse Osmosis Process 372.3 Ultrafiltration Process 502.4 Pervaporation Process 592.5 Microfiltration Process 652.6 Coupled and Facilitated Transport 69References 843 Polymeric Membranes for Gas and Vapor Separations 89Seyed Saeid Hosseini and Sara Najari3.1 Introduction 893.2 Significance and Prominent Industrial Applications 913.3 Fundamentals and Transport of Gases in Polymeric Membranes 1003.4 Polymeric Membrane Materials for Gas and Vapor Separations 1123.5 Strategies for Tuning the Transport in Polymeric Membranes through Molecular Design and Architecture 1283.6 Process Modeling and Simulation 1323.7 Challenges and Future Directions 1413.8 Concluding Remarks 144References 1444 Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 159Alireza Zirehpour and Ahmad Rahimpour4.1 Introduction 1604.2 Membrane Theory 1614.3 Membrane Separation Techniques in Industry 1684.4 Membrane Operations in Wastewater Management 1784.5 Existing Membrane Processes 1854.6 Industrial Development of Membrane Modules 1944.7 Conclusion 198References 1985 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Methanol Fuel Cell 209Kilsung Kwon and Daejoong Kim5.1 Introduction 2095.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 2125.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 2285.4 Principle and Working Process of PEMFCs 2325.5 Principle and Working Process of DMFCs 2365.6 Modeling and Theory of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 2415.7 Conclusion 243References 2436 Polymer Membranes for Water Desalination and Treatment 251Tânia L. S. Silva, Sergio Morales-Torres, José L. Figueiredo and Adrián M. T. Silva6.1 Introduction 2526.2 Polymer Membranes Used in Distillation 2536.3 Membrane Distillation 2566.4 Desalination Driven by MD Systems 2656.5 MD Hybrid Systems for Water Desalination and Treatment 2726.6 Conclusions 275Acknowledgments 275References 2767 Polymeric Pervaporation Membranes: Organic-Organic Separation 287Francesco Galiano, Francesco Falbo and Alberto Figoli7.1 General Introduction on Pervaporation 2877.2 Brief History of Pervaporation 2907.3 Polymeric Materials for Organic-Organic Separation – General Requirements 2917.4 Pervaporation Case Studies for Organic-Organic Separation 2987.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 303References 3038 Biopolymer Electrolytes for Energy Devices 311Tan Winie1 and A. K. Arof8.1 Introduction 3128.2 Chitosan-Based Electrolyte Membranes 3128.3 Methyl Cellulose-based Electrolyte Membranes 3158.4 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Lithium Polymer Batteries 3178.5 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Supercapacitors 3228.6 Polymer Electrolytes in Fuel Cells 3288.7 Biopolymer Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 3328.8 Conclusions 344Acknowledgments 346References 3469 Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes: A Promising Electrolyte Membrane for High Temperature PEMFC 357S. R. Dhanushkodi, M. W.Fowler, M. D. Pritzker and W. Merida9.1 Introduction 3579.2 Synthesis of PBI 3629.3 Characterization of PBI 3639.4 Research Needs and Conclusions 370Table of Abbreviations 373References 37410 Natural Nanofibers in Polymer Membranes for Energy Applications 379Annalisa Chiappone10.1 Introduction 37910.2 Natural Fibers 38010.2.1 Cellulose and Chitin Structures 38110.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Natural Fibers: Production, Properties and General Applications 38610.4 Applications of Natural Fibers Nanocomposite Membranes in the Energy Field 39310.5 Conclusions 402References 40311 Potential Interests of Carbon Nanoparticles for Pervaporation Polymeric Membranes 413Anastasia V. Penkova and Denis Roizard11.1 Introduction 41311.2 Principle of Permeation 41511.3 Current Requirements for Pervaporation Membranes 41811.4 Performances of Nanocomposite Membranes: From Membrane Preparations to Enhanced Properties with Carbon Nanoparticles 42011.5 Impact of the Insertion of Carbon Particles in Pervaporation Membranes 42211.6 Pervaporation Membranes 42311.7 Pervaporation with the Use of MMM Containing Pristine Carbon Particles 42411.8 Pervaporation with the Use of MMM Containing Functionalized Carbon Particles 42711.9 Conclusion 434Acknowledgment 435References 43512 Mixed Matrix Membranes for Nanofiltraion Application 441Vahid Vatanpour, Mahdie Safarpour and Alireza Khataee12.1 Introduction 44212.2 Nanofiltration Process: History and Principles 44312.3 Mixed Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes 44412.4 Applications of Mixed Matrix Nanofiltration Membranes 46812.5 Conclusion 469Acknowledgment 470List of Abbreviations 470References 47113 Fundamentals, Applications and Future Prospects of Nanofiltration Membrane Technique 477Siddhartha Moulik, Shaik Nazia and S. Sridhar13.1 Introduction 47813.2 Membrane Synthesis 48313.3 Membrane Characterization 48513.4 Equations for Calculation of Operating Parameters 48713.5 Effect of Feed Pressure on Process Flux 48813.6 Optimization of NF Process Using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 49013.7 Applications of NF in Societal Development and Industrial Progress 50113.8 Economics of NF Process for Groundwater Purification 51013.9 Conclusions 514References 515Index 519