Biobased and Environmentally Benign Coatings

Atul Tiwari is an associate researcher at the Department of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Hawaii, USA. He received his PhD in Polymer Science and earned the Chartered Chemist and Chartered Scientist status from the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. His areas of research interest include the development of silicones and graphene materials for various industrial applications. Dr. Tiwari has invented several international patents pending technologies that have been transferred to industries. He has been actively engaged in various fields of polymer science, engineering, and technology and has published more than fifty peer-reviewed journal papers, book chapters, and books related to material science.

• Preface xi1 Novel Bio-based Polymers for Coating Applications 1Harjoyti Kalita, Deep Kalita, Samim Alam, Andrey Chernykh, Ihor Tarnavchyk, James Bahr, Satyabrata Samanta, Anurad Jayasooriyama, Shashi Fernando, Sermadurai Selvakumar, Dona Suranga Wickramaratne, Mukund Sibi, and Bret J. Chisholm1.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymers Based on Plant Oils 31.2.1 Properties of Homopolymers and Their Surface Coatings 51.2.2 Properties of Copolymers and Their Surface Coatings 71.3 Polymers Based on Cardanol 91.4 Polymers Based on Eugenol 101.5 Conclusion 14Acknowledgments 14Disclaimer 14References 152 Deposition of Environmentally Compliant Cerium-Containing Coatings and Primers on Copper-Containing Aluminium Aircraft Alloys 17Stephan V. Kozhukharov2.1 Importance and Indispensability of the Corrosion-Protective Coating Layers 172.1.1 Employment of Reliable Materials for the Aircraft Industry 172.1.2 Corrosion Phenomena, Basic Definitions and Concepts 202.1.3 Brief Summary 222.2 Introduction to the Cerium Conversion Primer Layers 232.2.1 Background and Basic Definitions 232.2.2 Deposition Methods 232.2.3 Technical Stages of CeCC Deposition 252.2.3.1 Preliminary Treatment Procedures 252.2.3.2 Deposition Process, Mechanisms and Factors 282.2.3.3 Posterior Sealing Procedures 372.2.4 Brief Summary 372.3 Elaboration of Hybrid and Composite Upper and Finishing Coating Layers 382.3.1 Advantages of the Hybrid Coatings Systems 382.3.2 Technological Bases of the Sol–Gel Approach 432.3.3 Hybrid Nanocomposite Primer Coatings: Basic Concepts 462.3.4 Corrosion Inhibitors as Self-Healing Coating Ingredients 472.3.4.1 Rare Earth Salts as Corrosion Inhibitors 472.3.4.2 Organic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors 522.3.5 Technological Features of the Production of Hybrid Nanocomposite Primer Coatings 532.3.6 Alternatives for the Inhibitor Containing Self-Healing Coatings 542.3.6.1 Coatings with Recuperative Microcapsules 542.3.6.2 Exterior Ice-Phobic and UV Protective Finishes 552.3.7 Brief Summary 57Acknowledgment 58References 583 Ferrites as Non-toxic Pigments for Eco-friendly Corrosion Protection Coatings 71D.O. Grigoriev, T. Vakhitov, and S.N. Stepin3.1 Introduction 713.2 Crystalline Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Inhibition Mechanism of Ferrites 723.3 Methods for the Preparation of Ferrites 763.3.1 Ceramic Method 763.3.2 Ceramic Method with Utilizing Industrial Wastes 783.3.3 Other Methods of Ferrites Preparation 793.4 Novel Types of Ferrite Pigments 813.5 Ferrite-Based Multifunctional Coatings 833.6 Conclusion 84Acknowledgement 84References 844 Application of Coatings and Films in Fruits and Vegetables 87R.K. Dhall4.1 Introduction 874.2 Coatings versus Films 884.3 Structural Matrix: Hydrocolloids and Lipids 884.4 Application of Hydrocolloids Coatings 894.5 Application of Lipid Coatings 914.6 Application of Composite Coatings 914.7 Addition of Active Compounds 934.7.1 Antimicrobial Coatings 934.7.2 Antioxidant Coatings 954.7.3 Texture Enhances 964.7.4 Nutraceutical Coatings 974.8 Nanotechnology 974.9 Commercial Application of Edible Coatings 984.10 Problems Associated with Edible Coatings 984.11 Regulatory Status and Food Safety Issues 1044.12 Conclusions 105References 1065 Development of Novel Biobased Epoxy Films with Aliphatic and Aromatic Amine Hardeners for the Partial Replacement of Bisphenol A in Primer Coatings 121Rafael S. Peres, Carlos A. Ferreira, Carlos Alemán, and Elaine Armelin5.1 Introduction 1215.2 Recent Advances on Vegetable Oils Chemistry 1235.3 Control of the Epoxidation Reaction of Vegetable Oils 1255.4 Spectroscopy Characterization of Epoxidized Linseed Oil Cured with Amine Hardeners 1285.5 Thermal Properties of Epoxidized Linseed Oil Cured with Amine Hardeners 1345.6 Swelling, Wettability and Morphology of New Epoxy Films 1365.7 Mechanical Properties of Epoxidized Linseed Oil Cured with Amine Hardeners 1395.8 Applications of Vegetable Oils in Coatings 1405.9 Conclusions 142Acknowledgments 142References 1436 Silica-Based Sol–Gel Coatings: A Critical Perspective from a Practical Viewpoint 149Rosaria Ciriminna, Alexandra Fidalgo, Giovanni Palmisano, Laura M. Ilharco, and Mario Pagliaro6.1 Introduction: Need of Practical Perspective 1496.2 A Green, Simple Technology 1516.3 The Market 1526.4 Conclusions 157Acknowledgements 157References 1587 Fatty Acid-Based Waterborne Coatings 161Mónica Moreno, Monika Goikoetxea, and María J. Barandiaran7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Fatty Acids as Raw Materials 1637.2.1 Chemical Modification of Fatty Acids for Free Radical Polymerization 1647.3 Polymerization of Fatty Acid-Based Monomers in Aqueous Media 1677.3.1 Emulsion Polymerization 1677.3.2 Miniemulsion Polymerization 1707.3.3 Effect of Preserving Alkyl Double Bonds 1727.3.3.1 Kinetics and Microstructural Properties 1727.3.3.2 Auto-Oxidative Curing and Mechanical Properties 1747.3.3.3 Effect of Incorporating α-MBL as Comonomer 1757.4 Incorporation of Fatty Acid Derivatives in Waterborne Coatings 1767.5 Conclusion 178References 1798 Environmentally Friendly Coatings 183Xiaofeng Ren, Lei Meng, and Mark Soucek8.1 Waterborne Coatings 1838.1.1 Introduction of Waterborne Coatings 1838.1.2 History of Waterborne Coatings 1848.1.3 Category of Waterborne Coatings 1868.1.3.1 Water-Reducible Coatings 1878.1.3.2 Latex Coatings 1878.1.3.3 Emulsion Coatings 1888.1.4 Development and Prospect of Waterborne Coatings 1928.1.4.1 Development of Resins Used in Waterborne Systems 1928.1.4.2 Combination of Waterborne with Other Techniques 1948.2 Seed Oil-Based Coatings 1958.2.1 Seed Oils 1958.2.2 Seed Oil-Based Coatings from Copolymerization with Vinyl Monomers 1988.2.2.1 Seed Oil-Based Reactive Diluents for Coating Applications 1988.2.3 Seed Oil-Based Epoxy for UV-Curable Coatings 2018.2.4 Seed Oil-Based Polyurethanes 2058.2.5 Seed Oil-Based Thiol-ene Chemistry in UV-Curable Coatings 2068.2.6 Seed Oil-Based Organic–Inorganic Coatings 2098.2.7 Seed Oil-Based Alkyd Coatings 2118.2.7.1 Introduction of Alkyds 2118.2.7.2 Modified Alkyds for Coatings 2138.3 Conclusion 219References 2199 Low-Temperature Aqueous Coatings for Solar Thermal Absorber  Applications 225Saleh Khamlich and Malik Maaza9.1 Introduction 2259.2 Samples Preparation 2289.3 Structural and Morphological Investigationsof α-Cr2O3 Monodispersed Meso-Spherical Particles 2289.3.1 Raman Spectroscopic Study 2289.3.2 Attenuated Total Reflection Study 2299.3.3 Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) 2309.4 Growth Mechanism 2319.4.1 Development of a Mathematical Model [Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) Model] 2329.4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 2329.4.1.2 Mathematical Formulation 2339.5 Potential Applications in Solar Absorbers 2389.5.1 Diffuse Reflectance and the Infrared Emissivity (ε) Study of α-Cr2O3 Meso-spherical Particles 2399.6 Conclusions 240Acknowledgements 240References 24110 Eco-Friendly Recycled Pharmaceutical Inhibitor/Waste Particle Containing Hybrid Coatings for Corrosion Protection 245Victoria Bustos, Liseth Concha, Carmina Menchaca-Campos, Jorge Uruchurtu, Mario A. Romero, Marcos Esparza, Alba Covelo, Miguel Hernandez, and Estela Sarmiento10.1 Introduction 24510.1.1 Recycled Pharmaceutical Inhibitors 24610.1.2 Hybrid Coatings 24710.2 Hybrid Coating Preparation 24710.2.1 Recycled Pharmaceutical Inhibitors 24710.2.2 Mesoporous Particles 24810.2.3 Hybrid Coating 24810.2.3.1 Characterization 24810.3 Hybrid Coatings Performance 24910.3.1 Materials Characterization 24910.3.2 Electrochemical Inhibitor Evaluation 24910.3.2.1 Potentiodynamic  Polarization 25010.3.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance 25110.3.3 Electrochemical Hybrid Coating Evaluation 25310.4 Conclusions 254Acknowledgment 255References 25511 Chemical Interaction of Modified Zinc–Phosphate Green Pigment on Waterborne Coatings in Steel 257Miguel Hernandez, Alba Covelo, and Jorge Uruchurtu11.1 Introduction 25711.2 Cathodic Delamination of Coatings 25811.3 Modified Zinc–Phosphate Pigment 26011.4 Conclusions 263Acknowledgement 263References 26312 Development of Soybean Oil-Based Polyols and Their Applications in Urethane and Melamine-Cured Thermoset Coatings 265Senthilkumar Rengasamy and Vijay Mannari12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Experimental 26612.2.1 Raw Materials 26612.2.2 Standard Testing Methods 26712.2.3 Coating Composition and Sample Preparation 26712.2.4 Synthesis of ESO-Based Phosphate Ester Polyol (ESO–Polyol) 26712.2.5 Synthesis of Epoxidized Soybean Oil Monoglyceride (EMG) 26712.2.6 Synthesis of EMG-Based Phosphate Ester Polyol (EMG Polyol) 26812.2.7 Synthesis of EMG-Based Phthalic Acid Ester Polyol (EMG–PEP) 26912.3 Results and Discussion 27012.3.1 Characterization of Polyols 27012.3.2 Proton NMR Characterization 27112.3.3 FTIR Characterization 27112.3.4 Urethane and Melamine-Cured Film Properties 27312.4 Conclusion 275Acknowledgements 276References 27613 Powder Coatings from Recycled Polymers and Renewable Resources 279Martino Colonna, Claudio Gioia, Annamaria Celli, and Alessandro Minesso13.1 Introduction 27913.2 Powder Coating as a Green Approach to Coatings 28013.3 The Use of Materials from Renewable Resources in Powder Coating Applications 28313.4 The Use of Recycled Polymers for the Preparation of Coatings 28613.5 Powder Coatings from the Combined Chemical Recycle of Polymers and the Use of Renewable Resources 28913.5.1 Depolymerization of PET with Isosorbide 29213.5.1.1 Catalysts Used for the Depolymerization of PET with Isosorbide 29213.5.1.2 Depolymerization Process 29213.5.1.3 Polycondensation after Glycolysis with Isosorbide 29313.5.2 Coatings Application Tests 29313.5.2.1 Blooming Resistance 29413.5.2.2 Effect of Overbaking 29513.5.2.3 Effect of Ageing 29613.5.2.4 Solvent Resistance 29613.5.3.5 Boiling Water Resistance Tests 29713.6 Conclusions 297References 29814 Th e Synthesis and Applications of Non-isocyanate Based Polyurethanes as Environmentally Friendly “Green” Coatings 301Peter Zarras, Paul A. Goodman, Alfred J. Baca, Joshua E. Baca, and Shelley Vang14.1 Introduction to Isocyanate-based Polyurethane Chemistry 30114.2 Synthesis of Isocyanates 30214.3 Toxicological Properties of Isocyanates 30314.4 Synthesis of Phosgene-free Precursors 30414.5 Non-isocyanate-based Polyurethanes (NIPU) 30514.5.1 Polycondensation Reaction 30614.5.2 Polyaddition Reaction 30814.5.3 Additional Polymerization Reactions Leading to Non-isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) 30914.6 Applications of Non-isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPU) 31014.7 Conclusions 311Acknowledgements 311References 311