First Islanders

Peter Bellwood is an Emeritus Professor at the Australian National University, which he joined in 1973, retiring in 2013. He has undertaken archaeological research in Polynesia and Island Southeast Asia and is currently involved in projects in Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines. His most recent books include The Global Prehistory of Human Migration (edited, Wiley Blackwell, 2015), First Migrants (Wiley Blackwell, 2013), Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago (3rd edition, 2007), First Farmers (Wiley Blackwell, 2005), and Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History (co-edited, 2005). Peter Bellwood is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy.

"This is a must-read book for anyone interested in Island Southeast Asian archaeology and early human history. It truly comes from Bellwood's mastery of a large amount of literature, and his background as a field-grounded scholar."—Victor Paz Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Republic of the Philippines, Antiquity,??Volume 92, Issue 366, December 2018

• List of Figures and Plates xiiInvited Contributors xvAcknowledgments xvi1 Introducing First Islanders 1This Book 3A Note on Dating Terminology 7A Note on Archaeological Terminology 7Pronunciation and Place‐names 9Notes 9References 102 Island Southeast Asia as a Canvas for Human Migration 11The Shelves and Basins 12Sundaland 15Wallacea 15Sahul 16The Island Southeast Asian Environment 16Climate 16Landforms and Soils 18The Floras of Island Southeast Asia 20Faunal and Biogeographical Boundaries 21The Cyclical Changes of the Pleistocene 22The Pleistocene Epoch: Definition and Chronology 22The Cycles of Glacials and Interglacials 23World Sea Level Changes During the Pleistocene 23The Consequences of Mid‐latitude Glaciation 27Notes 30References 303 Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis: Archaic Hominins in Island Southeast Asia 34Hominin Antecedents in Africa and Asia 35Homo erectus in Java 38Java – Pleistocene Mammals and Stratigraphy 39Sangiran 41Ngandong 43When Did Hominins Arrive in Java? 44The Evolution of Javan Homo erectus 46An Invited Perspective by Colin Groves 46The Dating of the Javan Hominins 47The Homo erectus Cranium 49The Homo erectus Mandible 50Homo erectus Teeth 50Homo erectus Postcranial Material 51Evolution within Javan Homo erectus 52The Philippines, Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara: Pleistocene Mammals and Stratigraphy 53The Philippines 54Sulawesi 54Flores and Nusa Tenggara 55Homo floresiensis (and Homo erectus?) in Flores 58The Enigma of Homo floresiensis 60An Invited Perspective by Debbie Argue 60The Homo floresiensis Controversy 62Was Homo floresiensis a Dwarfed Homo erectus? 64Was Homo floresiensis Descended from a SeparateEarly Hominin Lineage? 64Cultural Evidence Related to Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis 65Java and the Tools of Homo erectus 67Flores and the Tools of Homo floresiensis 71Retrospect 74Notes 75References 764 The Biological History of Homo sapiens in Island Southeast Asia 86The First Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia 89Early to Middle Holocene Skeletal Data from Island Southeast Asia 93The Biological Arrival of an Asian Neolithic Population in Island Southeast Asia 94The Significance of Skin Pigmentation in Equatorial Latitudes 97The Biological History of Southeast Asian Populations from Late Pleistocene and Holocene Cemetery Data 98An Invited Perspective by Hirofumi Matsumura, Marc Oxenham, Truman Simanjuntak, and Mariko Yamagata 98Craniometric Analysis 99Early Indigenous Hunter‐gatherers 99Neolithic Dispersal in Mainland Southeast Asia 103Neolithic Dispersal in Island Southeast Asia 104Conclusions 106The Genetic History of Human Populations in Island Southeast Asia During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene 107An Invited Perspective by Murray Cox 107The Population History of Island Southeast Asia 117Notes 119References 1205 Late Paleolithic Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia 131Mainland Southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra: The Hoabinhian and Its Successors 134Hoabinhian into Para‐Neolithic in Mainland Southeast Asia 134The Hoabinhian of Sumatra 138Beyond Sumatra – the Late Palaeolithic in the Islands of Southeast Asia 139The Niah Caves, Sarawak 141Eastern Sabah 143Eastern and Central Kalimantan 147Java 150The Philippines 151Sulawesi and the Talaud Islands 153The Toalian of South Sulawesi – a Localized Revolution in Small Tool Technology 155The Northern Moluccas 159Eastern Nusa Tenggara and Timor‐Leste 162Changing Patterns in Hunting Across Island Southeast Asia Before the Neolithic 165An Invited Perspective by Philip J. Piper 165The Late Pleistocene (45–14 kya) 165Terminal Pleistocene to Mid‐Holocene (14–4.5 kya) 167Some Final Thoughts on Homo sapiens and the Late Palaeolithic in Island Southeast Asia 170Notes 171References 1726 The Early History of the Austronesian Language Family in Island Southeast Asia 181What is a Language Family, and Why are Language Families Important? 185An Introduction to Austronesian Linguistic History 187The Linguistic History of Austronesian‐speaking Communities in Island Southeast Asia 190An Invited Perspective by Robert Blust 190Further Questions of Austronesian Linguistic History 197Before Taiwan: The Antecedents of Proto‐Austronesian 197How Did the Austronesian Languages Spread Initially throughout Island Southeast Asia? 200Directionality and Relative Chronology in the Early Austronesian Migration Process 201The Material Culture and Economy of the Early Austronesians 204The Austronesian Diaspora: A Perspective from Indonesia 207An Invited Perspective by Daud Aris Tanudirjo 207A Brief History of Austronesian Studies in Indonesia 208Austronesian Languages and National Identity 210Notes 211References 2127 Neolithic Farmers and Sailors in Southern China, Taiwan, and the Philippines 218The Origins of Rice Production in China 220The Evolution of Neolithic Societies in China 226Neolithic Movement into Southern China 228The Out of Taiwan Hypothesis for Austronesian Dispersal into Island Southeast Asia 231Neolithic Cultures in Southeast China, Taiwan, and Luzon 232An Invited Perspective by Hsiao‐chun Hung 232Taiwan 234Between Taiwan and Luzon 236Ludao and Lanyu (Botel Tobago) 237The Batanes Islands 237Northern Luzon 239Coastal Palaeo‐landscapes of the Neolithic 240An Invited Perspective by Mike T. Carson 240Further Observations on Neolithic Cultures in Taiwan 244The Neolithic of the Philippines 248The Batanes Islands 250The Cagayan Valley of Luzon 253The Philippines beyond Cagayan 255Southern China, Taiwan, and the Philippines – a Neolithic Assessment 256Notes 257References 2598 The Neolithic of East Malaysia and Indonesia 267The Western Neolithic Stream – Sarawak and Onwards 269Java and Sumatra 274The Eastern Neolithic Stream: Eastern Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas 276Sabah: Bukit Tengkorak 281Sulawesi 283Fleshing Out the Neolithic Prehistory of Island Southeast Asia 287Neolithic Food Production 288Potential Phases of Neolithic Crop Production in Island Southeast Asia 289Rice in Island Southeast Asian Prehistory, and Its Fading from Grace 293Farmers Who Adopted Rainforest Hunting and Gathering 294Domesticated Animals in the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic 297An Invited Perspective by Philip J. Piper 297Pigs and Dogs 297Chickens 299Bovidae 300Domestic Animals in Cultural Context 300Neolithic Fishing 301Neolithic Translocations 301Summing Up the Island Southeast Asian Neolithic 302Notes 303References 3049 The Early Metal Age and Intercultural Connections in Island Southeast Asia 312The Arrival of Metallurgy in Island Southeast Asia 314“Indigenous” Early Metal Age Assemblages and Monuments in IslandSoutheast Asia 320Stone Monuments and Carvings: Indonesia 320Malayic Migration 324Burial Grounds and Their Significance 326Chamic Migration 329Nephrite and Other Early Metal Age Exchange Networks across the South China Sea 333An Invited Perspective by Hsiao‐chun Hung 333The Arrival of Indian Influence in Island Southeast Asia 335After the Early Metal Age 338Notes 338References 33910 Island Southeast Asian Prehistory: A Comparative Perspective 345References 351Index 352