Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 2

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993 Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 135 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.

• Preface xiii1 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Reinforced Polymer Composites 1M. Masudul Hassan and Manfred H. Wagner1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Natural Fibers (NFs): Sources and Classification 21.1.2 Composition of NFs 21.1.3 New Trends in the Chemistry of Cellulose 31.1.4 Action of Reducing and Oxidizing Agents 61.1.5 Drawbacks of Natural Fibers 71.2 Modifications of Natural Fibers 91.2.1 Physical Modifications of Natural Fibers 91.2.2 Chemical Modifications of Natural Fibers 111.3 Composites 161.3.1 Hybrid Composites 171.3.2 Compatibilization 171.3.3 Effect of Radiation on Fiber Composites 191.3.4 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composites 201.4 Properties Evaluation 201.4.1 Lantana-Camara Fiber 201.4.2 Tea Dust-Polypropylene (TDPP) Composite 231.4.3 Water Absorption Test 271.4.4 Jute Fiber Reinforced Vinylester Composites 271.4.5 Coir Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites 291.4.6 Effect of Alkali Treatment on Hemp, Sisal and Kapok for Composite Reinforcement 311.4.7 DSC Analysis of Mercerized Fibers 341.4.8 XRD Analysis of Mercerized Fibers 341.4.9 SEM Analysis of Alkalized Fibers 341.5 Conclusions 36Acknowledgements 37References 372 Factors Influencing Adhesion of Submicrometer Thin Metal Films 45A. Lahmar, A. Assaf, M.J. Durand, S. Jouanneau, G. Thouand and B. Garnier2.1 Introduction 462.2 Experimental Details 472.2.1 Film Deposition 472.2.2 Measurement of the Critical Load 482.3 Results and Discussion 502.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations 502.3.2 Effects of Film Thickness and Substrate Bias on the Mean Critical Load 512.3.3 Effects of Ion Bombardment Etching of Substrate Surface 542.3.4 Effect of Ageing Treatment after Deposition 552.3.5 Effect of Roughness of the Substrate Surface 562.3.6 Dependence of Critical Load and Thermal Resistance on Deposition Conditions 582.3.7 Correlation Between Adhesion and Thermal Contact Resistance 602.4 Summary 63References 633 Surface Treatments to Modulate Bioadhesion 67D.G. Waugh, C. Toccaceli, A.R. Gillett, C.H. Ng, S.D. Hodgson and J. Lawrence3.1 Introduction 673.1.1 The Role of Wettability in Biological and Microbiological Adhesion 693.2 Various Surface Treatments 703.2.1 Laser Surface Treatment 703.2.2 Lithography 753.2.3 Micro/Nano Contact Printing 773.2.4 Plasma Surface Treatment 793.2.5 Radiation Grafting 813.2.6 Ion Beam and Electron Beam Processing 823.3 Prospects 853.4 Summary 89References 894 Hot-Melt Adhesives from Renewable Resources 101P. Utekar, H. Gabale, A. Khandelwal and S.T. Mhaske4.1 Introduction 1014.2 Potential Renewable Base Polymers 1034.3 Lactic Acid Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 1044.4 Soy Protein Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 1064.5 Bio-Based Polyamides as Hot-Melt Adhesives 1074.6 Starch Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives 1094.7 Summary 111References 1115 Relevance of Adhesion in Particulate/Fibre-Polymer Composites and Particle Coated Fibre Yarns 115V.B. Mohan, K. Jayaraman and D. Bhattacharyya5.1 Introduction 1155.1.1 Mechanisms of Adhesion 1185.1.2 Tests for Interfacial Adhesion in Composites 1205.2 Theory of Interaction 1245.2.1 Adhesion Mechanism in Fibre Yarns and Polymer Systems 1255.2.2 Surface Modification Techniques 1265.2.3 Adhesion Properties of Fibres 1305.2.4 Morphological Evaluation of Fibre Yarns Coated with Nanoparticles 1315.2.5 Interfacial Adhesion in Particle and Polymer Blends 1385.3 Summary 140References 1426 Study and Analysis of Damages in Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composites 147S.K. Panigrahi and Rashmi Ranjan Das6.1 Introduction 1486.2 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Laminated Composite Joints 1496.2.1 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Flat FRP Composite Joints 1496.2.2 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Tubular FRP Composite Joints 1516.3 Effect of Adhesive Property on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints 1526.4 Effect of Functionally Graded Adhesives on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints 1536.5 Conclusion 156References 1567 Surface Modification Strategies for Fabrication of Nano-Biodevices 161Ankur Gupta, Vinay Kumar Patel, Rishi Kant and Shantanu Bhattacharya7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Interfacial Interactions for Proper Functioning of Nano-biodevices 1647.3 Strategies for Surface Modification of Polymers in Nano-biodevices 1677.3.1 Surface Modification of Polymers Through Plasma Treatment 1687.3.2 Surface Modification of Surfaces Through Chemical Route 1687.3.3 Surface Modification Through Silanization of Surfaces 1697.3.4 Surface Modification of Polymers with SAMs by Micro-contact Printing Technique 1707.3.5 Other Surface Modification Strategies 1717.4 Benefits of Surface Modifications to Nano-Biodevices 1767.5 Summary 177References 1778 Effects of Particulates on Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet 187Youhua Jiang, Wei Xu and Chang-Hwan Choi8.1 Introduction 1878.2 Theoretical Background of Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet 1898.3 Effects of Particulates on Static Contact Angles 1918.3.1 Deposition of Particulates on Solid-liquid Interface 1928.3.2 Adsorption of Particulates on Liquid-Gas Interface 1948.3.3 Adsorption of Surfactants on Solid-Gas Interface 1958.4 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Pinning 1978.4.1 Flows Within a Droplet 1998.4.2 Interactions amongst Particulates, Solid Substrates, and Liquid-Gas Interfaces 2018.4.3 Structural Disjoining Pressure 2048.5 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Motion 2058.5.1 Contact Line Velocity 2058.5.2 Stick-Slip Behavior 2068.6 Summary 2108.7 Prospects 210Acknowledgements 211References 2119 Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches and Their Modeling 217M. Kemal Apalak9.1 Introduction 2179.2 Thermal Stresses 2199.2.1 Bi-material Strips 2199.2.2 Linear Analyses 2209.2.3 Nonlinear Analyses 2259.3 Thermal Residual Stresses 2309.3.1 Residual Stresses - Adhesive Curing 2339.3.2 Residual Stresses - Hygrothermal Ageing 2469.4 Viscoelastic Analyses 2509.5 Fracture and Fatigue 2559.6 Summary 263References 26410 Ways to Mitigate Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches 271M. Kemal Apalak10.1 Introduction 27110.2 CFRP Strengthened Beams and Plates 27310.3 Weld-Bonded Joints, Cutting Tools 27610.4 Adhesive Joints Under Cryogenic Temperatures 27910.5 Low and High-Temperature Adhesives 28510.6 Fillers and Electrically-conductive Adhesives 28910.6.1 Adhesive Layer with Fillers or Voids 28910.6.2 Electrically-conductive Adhesives 29210.7 Microelectronics, Optics and Nuclear Applications 296x Contents10.8 Dental Applications 30710.9 Summary 312References 31411 Laser-Assisted Electroless Metallization of Polymer Materials 321Piotr Rytlewski, Bartomiej Jagodzi?ski and Krzysztof Moraczewski11.1 Introduction 32111.2 Application of Lasers in the Metallization of Polymer Materials 32311.2.1 Modification in a Gaseous Medium 32411.2.2 Modification in Solutions 32611.2.3 Modification of Thin Films 32711.2.4 Modification of Composite Materials 32811.3 Modification of Polymer Composite Materials 32811.3.1 Polyamide Composites 32811.4 Summary 346Acknowledgement 347References 34712 Adhesion Measurement of Coatings on Biodevices/Implants 351Wei-Sheng Lei, Kash Mittal and Zhishui Yu12.1 Introduction 35212.2 Mechanical Test Methods of Adhesion Measurement 35412.2.1 Cross-Cut Test 35412.2.2 Peel Test 35512.2.3 Scribe (Scratch) Test 35612.2.4 Pull-Off (Tensile) Test 36012.2.5 Single-Lap Shear Test 36312.2.6 Blister Test 36412.2.7 Micro- and Nano- Indentation Tests 36512.2.8 Small-Punch Test 36912.2.9 Micro- and Nano- Scale Tensile Testing 36912.2.10 Four-Point Bending Test 37112.2.11 Other Test Methods 37212.3 Summary and Remarks 373References 374Contents xi13 Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 381P. Rajesh Raja13.1 Introduction 38113.2 Synthesis and Processing 38213.3 Applications 38613.3.1 Industrial and Consumer 38613.3.2 Medical 39013.3.3 Forensics 39313.3.4 Recent Advances in Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 39313.4 Summary 394References 39414 Promotion of Adhesion of Green Flame Retardant Coatings onto Polyolefins by Depositing Ultra-Thin Plasma Polymer Films 399Moustapha E. Moustapha, J”rg F. Friedrich, Zeinab R. Farag, Simone Krger, Gundula Hidde and Maged M. Azzam14.1 Introduction 40014.2 Role of Adhesion in the Use of Thick Fire-Retardant Coatings 40014.3 Strategies for Adhesion Promotion of Flame-Retardant Coatings 40614.4 Plasma Polymerization 40914.5 Adhesion Improvement by Plasma Polymer Layers 41214.5.1 Inorganic Flame Retardant Layers (Water Glass Layers) 41214.5.2 Coating with Prepolymer of Melamine Resin 41414.5.3 Curing of the Melamine Prepolymer 41414.6 Results of Adhesion Improvement Using Adhesion-Promoting Plasma Polymers 41514.6.1 Results of Adhesion Promotion 41514.6.2 Locus of Adhesion Failure 41814.7 Flame Retardancy Tests 42014.8 Thermal Behavior 42114.9 Summary 423Acknowledgement 424References 424