Rhythms of Insect Evolution

DONG REN, CHUNGKUN SHIH, TAIPING GAO, YONGJIE WANG and YUNZHI YAO are all professors in the College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China. Dr. Shih is also a volunteer Research Associate in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA.

• Preface xiList of Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xvii1 Jurassic-Cretaceous Non-Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China 1Dong Ren1.1 Introduction 11.2 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil-Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China 11.2.1 Yumen-Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province 11.2.2 Intermountain Volcanic Basins in Beijing-Northern Hebei-Western Liaoning-Southeastern Inner Mongolia 31.3 Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China 41.3.1 Yanliao Entomofauna 51.3.2 Jehol Entomofauna in the Yanliao Area 81.3.3 Fuxin Entomofauna 101.4 Geological Ages of Non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China 10References 122 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems 17Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren2.1 Introduction 172.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals 172.3 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants 24References 283 Insects – In the Spotlight 31Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren3.1 Introduction to Insects 313.2 How to Identify an Insect 313.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects 35References 384 A History of Paleoentomology in China 41Dong Ren, Chungkun Shih, and Taiping Gao4.1 Introduction 414.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923–1935) 414.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965–1985) 424.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985–Present) 434.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991–Present) 444.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000–Present) 45References 485 Ephemeroptera – Mayflies 51MeiWang, Qingqing Lin, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera 515.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera 535.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China 53References 596 Odonata – Dragonflies and Damselflies 63Qiang Yang, Dong Ren, Hong Pang, and Chungkun Shih6.1 Introduction to Odonata 636.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata 666.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China 66References 867 Blattaria – Cockroaches 91Junhui Liang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren7.1 Introduction to Blattaria 917.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea 927.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China 93References 1098 Termitoidae – Termites 113Zhipeng Zhao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae 1138.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites 1158.3 Representative Fossils of Termites from Northern China 116References 1179 Orthoptera – Grasshoppers and Katydids 121Jun-Jie Gu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera 1219.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera 1229.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China 124References 13410 Notoptera – Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers 137Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 13710.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) 13810.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China 139References 14511 Dermaptera – Earwigs 149Mingyue Ren, Chungkun Shih, Changyue Xing, and Dong Ren11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera 14911.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera 15011.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China 150References 15512 Chresmodidae –Water-Walking Insects 157Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae 15712.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae 15812.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China 159References 16213 Phasmatodea – Stick Insects and Leaf Insects 165Chaofan Shi, Chungkun Shih, Sha Chen, and Dong Ren13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea 16513.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea 16613.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China 168References 17214 Plecoptera – Stoneflies 175Yingying Cui, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera 17514.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera 17614.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China 176References 18315 Psocoptera – Barklice and Booklice 185RuiqianWang, Yunzhi Yao, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera 18515.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera 18515.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China 186References 18716 Homoptera – Cicadas and Hoppers 189Ying Wang, Xiao Zhang, Tingying Zhang, Xue Liu, Chungkun Shih, Yunzhi Yao, and Dong Ren16.1 Introduction to Homoptera 18916.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera 19016.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China 192References 21817 Heteroptera – True Bugs 225Sile Du, Shan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, and Yunzhi Yao17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera 22517.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha 22717.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China 228References 26218 Megaloptera – Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies 269Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera 26918.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera 26918.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China 271References 27319 Raphidioptera – Snakeflies 275Hui Fang, Yongjie Wang, Dong Ren, and Chungkun Shih19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera 27519.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera 27519.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China 276References 28220 Neuroptera – Lacewings 285Zhenzhen Chen, Shuo Huang, Yu Chang, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 28520.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 28720.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290References 32920.1 Introduction to Neuroptera 28520.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera 28720.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from Northern China 290References 32921 Coleoptera – Beetles 337Yali Yu, Zhenhua Liu, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera 33721.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera 34221.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China 344References 41422 Hymenoptera – Sawflies and Wasps 429Mei Wang, Longfeng Li, Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera 42922.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera 43522.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China 436References 49023 Diptera – True Flies with Two Wings 497Ye Han, Xiuna Ye, Cuiping Feng, Kuiyan Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren23.1 Introduction to Diptera 49723.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera 50023.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China 501References 54624 Mecoptera – Scorpionflies and Hangingflies 555Xiaodan Lin, Chungkun Shih, Sheng Li, and Dong Ren24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera 55524.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera 55824.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China 559References 58925 Siphonaptera – Fleas 597Taiping Gao, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera 59725.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas 59825.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China 600References 60526 Trichoptera – Caddisflies 607Mei Wang,Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera 60726.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera 60726.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China 608References 61627 Lepidoptera – Butterflies and Moths 619Weiting Zhang, Chungkun Shih, and Dong Ren27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera 61927.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera 62027.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China 622References 62928 Insect Feeding 631Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, Yunzi Yao, and Dong Ren28.1 Introduction 63128.2 PollinationMutualism – Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms 63128.2.1 Scorpionflies with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 63128.2.2 Kalligrammatid Lacewings with Elongate Siphonate Mouthparts 63228.3 Predation – Preying on Other Insects 63528.3.1 Mantispid Lacewings with Raptorial Forelegs 63528.3.2 Dipteromantispidae with Raptorial Forelegs 63628.3.3 Hangingflies – Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae 63628.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas 63628.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs 63928.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types 643References 64629 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning 651Chungkun Shih, YongjieWang, and Dong Ren29.1 Introduction 65129.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects 65129.2.1 Irregular Light and Dark Patches Covering the EntireWing 65129.2.2 Irregular Dark or Light Markings on Part of the Margin and/or Center ofWing 65329.2.3 Dispersed Dark Spots Large or Small 65429.2.4 Dispersed Small Light Spots or Large Light Spots Surrounded by Small Dark Spots 65429.2.5 Regular Transverse (from Anterior to Posterior Margin) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 65429.2.6 Regular Longitudinal (from Base to the Apex) Stripes of Light and Dark Bands 65529.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects 65529.3.1 Ancient Pinnate Leaf Mimicry among Lacewings 65629.3.2 Mimicry and Mutualism among Hangingflies and Ginkgo Plants 65729.4 EyespotWarning for Fossil Insects 65929.4.1 Eyespots and Spots on the Forewings of Kalligrammatids 65929.5 Summary and Prospects 660References 66230 Gene Propagation – Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation 667Chungkun Shih, Taiping Gao, and Dong Ren30.1 Introduction 66730.2 Extreme Sexual Display 66730.3 Serenade with Love Songs 66830.4 Sensing and Locating PotentialMates with Ramified Antennae 67030.5 Forever Love –The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects 67030.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts 67330.7 Breeding – Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining 675References 679Index 683