Bioprocessing for Biomolecules Production

About the Editors GUSTAVO MOLINA, is Associate Professor in Food Engineering at the University of Diamantina, Brazil. VIJAI KUMAR GUPTA, is Senior Research Scientist of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. He is also the Secretary of European Mycological Association. BRAHMA N. SINGH, is a Scientist in the Pharmacology Division at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India. NICHOLAS GATHERGOOD, is Professor in the Chemistry Division of the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.

• Contributors xviiPart I General Overview of Biotechnology for Industrial Segments: An Industrial Approach 11 An Overview of Biotechnological Processes in the Food Industry 3Bianca M.P. Silveira, Mayara C.S. Barcelos, Kele A.C. Vespermann, Franciele M. Pelissari, and Gustavo Molina1.1 Introduction 31.2 Biotechnological Process Applied to Food Products 41.2.1 Organic Acids 41.2.2 Flavors 51.2.3 Polysaccharides 61.2.4 Amino Acids 61.2.5 Enzymes 71.2.6 Surfactants 71.2.7 Pigments 81.3 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) 91.4 Future Perspectives of Biotechnological Processes in the Food Industry 101.5 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 11References 122 Status of Biotechnological Processes in the Pharmaceutical Industry 21Natalia Videira, Robson Tramontina, Victoria Ramos Sodré, and Fabiano Jares Contesini2.1 Introduction 212.2 Main Biotechnological Products in the Pharmaceutical Industry 232.2.1 Antibiotics in the Pharmaceutical Industry 232.2.2 Enzymes in the Pharmaceutical Industry 242.2.3 Antibodies in the Pharmaceutical Industry 272.3 Prospects for Area Development 332.3.1 Patent Generation 332.3.2 Perspectives for Biotechnology in the Pharmaceutical Sector 352.4 Conclusion 38References 393 Current Status of Biotechnological Processes in the Biofuel Industries 47Gustavo Pagotto Borin, Rafael Ferraz Alves, and Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz Júnior3.1 Introduction 473.2 Biofuels and an Overview of the Industrial Processes 493.2.1 Bioethanol 493.2.2 Biodiesel 533.2.3 Biobutanol 543.2.4 Biogas 563.2.5 Microalgal Biomass for Biofuels Production 613.3 Conclusion 62References 62Part II Biotechnological Research and Production of Food Ingredients 714 Research, Development, and Production of Microalgal and Microbial Biocolorants 73Laurent Dufossé4.1 Introduction 734.2 Carotenoids 744.2.1 Lutein and Zeaxanthin 744.2.2 Aryl Carotenoids (Orange Colors and Highly Active Antioxidants) are Specific to Some Microorganisms 774.2.3 C50 Carotenoids (Sarcinaxanthin, Decaprenoxanthin) 784.2.4 Techniques for the Production of Novel Carotenoids with Improved Color Strength/Stability/Antioxidant Properties 794.3 Azaphilones 804.3.1 Toward Mycotoxin-Free Monascus Red 804.3.2 Monascus-Like Pigments from Nontoxigenic Fungal Strains 834.4 Anthraquinones 844.4.1 Fungal Natural Red 844.4.2 Other Fungal Anthraquinones 854.5 Phycobiliproteins 854.6 Conclusion 87References 895 Prospective Research and Current Technologies for Bioflavor Production 93Marina Gabriel Pessôa, Bruno Nicolau Paulino, Gustavo Molina, and Glaucia Maria Pastore5.1 Introduction 935.2 Microbial Production of Bioflavors 1005.2.1 Biotransformation of Terpenes 1005.2.2 De Novo Synthesis 1045.3 Enzymatic Production of Bioflavors 1085.4 Conclusion 112References 1126 Research and Production of Biosurfactants for the Food Industry 125Eduardo J. Gudiña and Lígia R. Rodrigues6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Biosurfactants as Food Additives 1266.3 Biosurfactants as Powerful Antimicrobial and Anti-Adhesive Weapons for the Food Industry 1296.4 Potential Role of Biosurfactants in New Nano-Solutions for the Food Industry 1346.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 135Acknowledgments 136References 1367 Fermentative Production of Microbial Exopolysaccharides 145Jochen Schmid and Volker Sieber7.1 Introduction 1457.2 Cultivation Media and Renewable Resources 1477.3 Bioreactor Geometries and Design 1487.4 Fermentation Strategies for Microbial Exopolysaccharide Production 1527.5 Approaches to Reduce Fermentation Broth Viscosity 1537.6 Polymer Byproducts and Purity 1547.7 Downstream Processing of Microbial Exopolysaccharides 1557.7.1 Removal of Cell Biomass 1557.7.2 Precipitation of the Polysaccharides 1567.7.3 Dewatering/Drying of the Polysaccharides 1587.8 Conclusions 159References 1598 Research and Production of Microbial Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 167Gwendoline Christophe, Pierre Fontanille, and Christian Larroche8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Lipids Used for Food Supplement 1688.2.1 PUFAs: Omega-3 and Omega-6 Families 1688.2.2 Role of PUFAs in Health 1698.3 Microbial Lipids 1708.3.1 Biosynthesis in Oleaginous Microorganisms 1708.3.2 Microorganisms Involved in PUFAs Production 1758.4 Production Strategies 1828.4.1 Culture Conditions 1828.5 Process Strategies 1858.5.1 Modes of Culture 1858.5.2 Substrates 1868.5.3 Metabolic Engineering 1868.6 Conclusions 187References 1879 Research and Production of Organic Acids and Industrial Potential 195Sandeep Kumar Panda, Lopamudra Sahu, Sunil Kumar Behera, and Ramesh Chandra Ray9.1 Introduction: History and Current Trends 1959.2 Current and Future Markets for Organic Acids 1969.3 Types of Organic Acids 1969.3.1 Citric Acid 1979.3.2 Acetic Acid 1989.3.3 Propionic Acid (PA) 1989.3.4 Succinic Acid 1999.3.5 Lactic Acid 2009.3.6 Other Organic Acids 2009.4 Metabolic/Genetic Engineering: Trends in Organic Acid Technology 2019.5 Research Gaps and Techno-Economic Feasibility 2029.6 Conclusion 204References 20410 Research and Production of Microbial Polymers for Food Industry 211Sinem Selvin Selvi, Edina Eminagic, Muhammed Yusuf Kandur, Emrah Ozcan, Ceyda Kasavi, and Ebru Toksoy Oner10.1 Introduction 21110.1.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Polymers 21210.2 Levan 21310.2.1 General Properties of Levan 21310.2.2 Production Processes for Levan 21310.2.3 Food Applications of Levan 21610.3 Pullulan 21610.3.1 General Properties of Pullulan 21610.3.2 Production Processes of Pullulan 21610.3.3 Food Applications of Pullulan 21810.4 Alginate 21810.4.1 General Properties of Alginate 21810.4.2 Production Processes for Alginate 21810.4.3 Food Applications of Alginate 21910.5 Curdlan 21910.5.1 General Properties of Curdlan 21910.5.2 Production Processes for Curdlan 22010.5.3 Food Applications of Curdlan 22110.6 Gellan Gum 22110.6.1 General Properties of Gellan Gum 22110.6.2 Production Processes for Gellan Gum 22110.6.3 Food Applications of Gellan Gum 22210.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 22310.7.1 General Properties of PHAs 22310.7.2 Food Applications of PHAs 22510.8 Scleroglucan 22510.8.1 General Properties of Scleroglucan 22510.8.2 Production Processes for Scleroglucan 22610.8.3 Food Applications of Scleroglucans 22610.9 Xanthan Gum 22610.9.1 General Properties of Xanthan Gum 22610.9.2 Production Processes of Xanthan Gum 22710.9.3 Food Applications of Xanthan Gum 22710.10 Dextran 22810.10.1 General Properties of Dextran 22810.10.2 Production Processes of Dextran 22910.10.3 Food Applications of Dextran 23010.11 Conclusions 230References 23211 Research and Production of Microbial Functional Sugars and Their Potential for Industry 239Helen Treichel, Simone Maria Golunski, Aline Frumi Camargo, Thamarys Scapini, Tatiani Andressa Modkovski, Bruno Venturin, Eduarda Roberta Bordin, Vanusa Rossetto, and Altemir José Mossi11.1 Introduction 23911.2 Bioactive Compounds 24011.2.1 Probiotics 24011.2.2 Prebiotics 24111.3 Production Technology for Probiotic Strains 24311.4 Stabilization Technology for Probiotic Strains 24411.4.1 Microencapsulation 24411.4.2 Spray Drying 24611.4.3 Freeze Drying 24611.4.4 Fluidized Bed and Vacuum Drying 24711.4.5 Other Technologies 24711.5 Study of Scale-Up Process: Advances, Difficulties, and Limitations Achieved 24811.6 Potential Development of the Area and Future Prospects 24811.7 Conclusion 249References 25012 Research and Production of Ingredients Using Unconventional Raw Materials as Alternative Substrates 255Susana Rodríguez-Couto12.1 Introduction 25512.2 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 25612.3 Production of Food Ingredients from Unconventional Raw Materials by SSF 25712.3.1 Organic Acids 25712.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 26412.3.3 Flavor and Aroma Compounds 26512.3.4 Pigments 26612.4 Outlook 267References 267Part III Biotechnological Research and Production of Biomolecules 27313 Genetic Engineering as a Driver for Biotechnological Developments and Cloning Tools to Improve Industrial Microorganisms 275Cíntia Lacerda Ramos, Leonardo de Figueiredo Vilela, and Rosane Freitas Schwan13.1 Introduction 27513.2 Microorganisms and Metabolites of Industrial Interest 27513.2.1 Primary Metabolites 27613.2.2 Secondary Metabolites 27713.2.3 Microbial Enzymes 27813.3 The Culture-Independent Method for Biotechnological Developments 27913.4 Tools and Methodologies Applied to GMOs Generation 28013.5 Conclusion 285References 28514 Advances in Biofuel Production by Strain Development in Yeast from Lignocellulosic Biomass 289Aravind Madhavan, Raveendran Sindhu, K.B. Arun, Ashok Pandey, Parameswaran Binod, and Edgard Gnansounou14.1 Introduction 28914.2 Improvement of Ethanol Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 29014.3 Engineering of Substrate Utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 29114.4 Engineering Tolerance Against Inhibitors, Temperature, and Solvents 29314.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 295Acknowledgments 296References 29715 Fermentative Production of Beta-Glucan: Properties and Potential Applications 303Rafael Rodrigues Philippini, Sabrina Evelin Martiniano, Júlio César dos Santos, Silvio Silvério da Silva, and Anuj Kumar Chandel15.1 Introduction 30315.2 Beta-Glucan Structure and Properties 30415.3 Microorganisms: Assets in Beta-Glucan Production 30715.4 Strain Improvement Methods for Beta-Glucan Production 30815.5 Fermentation: Methods and New Formulations 30815.5.1 Carbon Sources 31015.5.2 Nitrogen Sources 31015.5.3 Micronutrients, Additives, and Vitamins 31015.5.4 pH, Temperature, and Fermentation Time 31115.5.5 Fermentation Methods 31115.6 Beta-Glucan Recovery Methods 31215.7 Potential Applications of Beta-Glucan 31215.7.1 Food Applications 31215.7.2 Chemical Applications 31315.7.3 Pharmaceutical Applications 31415.7.4 Utilization of Agroindustrial Byproducts as Carbon and Nitrogen Sources 31415.7.5 Future Commercial Prospects 31515.8 Conclusions 315Acknowledgment 315References 31616 Extremophiles for Hydrolytic Enzymes Productions: Biodiversity and Potential Biotechnological Applications 321Divjot Kour, Kusam Lata Rana, Tanvir Kaur, Bhanumati Singh, Vinay Singh Chauhan, Ashok Kumar, Ali A. Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Ajar Nath Yadav, and Vijai Kumar Gupta16.1 Introduction 32116.2 Enumeration and Characterization of Extremophiles 32216.3 Biodiversity and Abundance of Extremophiles 32516.4 Diversity of Extremozymes and Their Biotechnological Applications 33316.4.1 Amylase 33316.4.2 Proteases 33716.4.3 Pectinase 33716.4.4 Cellulase 33916.4.5 Xylanases 34016.4.6 Lipases 34816.4.7 L-Glutaminase 35016.4.8 β-Galactosidase 35116.4.9 Tannases 35216.4.10 Aminopeptidases 35216.4.11 Polysaccharide Lyases 35316.4.12 Phytases 35416.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 355Acknowledgment 355References 35617 Recent Development in Ferulic Acid Esterase for Industrial Production 373Surabhi Singh, Om Prakash Dwivedi, and Shashank Mishra17.1 Introduction 37317.2 Microbial Production of Ferulic Acid Esterase 37417.3 Microbial Assay for FAE Production 37417.4 Worldwide Demand and Production of FAE 37517.5 Process Optimization for FAE Production 37517.6 Recent Development and Genetic Engineering for the Enhancement of FAE Production 37817.7 Conclusion 379References 37918 Research and Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 383H.L. Raghavendra, Shashank Mishra, Shivaleela P. Upashe, and Juliana F. Floriano18.1 Introduction 38318.1.1 Second-Generation Biofuels 38418.1.2 Feedstocks for Biofuels 38418.1.2.5 Energy Crops 38618.1.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel 38618.1.4 Types of Second-Generation Biofuels 38618.1.5 Research on Second-Generation Biofuels 38918.1.6 Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 39218.1.7 The Impact on the Environment During the Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 39518.1.8 Conclusions 396References 39719 Research and Production of Third-Generation Biofuels 401Saurabh Singh, Arthur P.A. Pereira, and Jay Prakash Verma19.1 Introduction 40119.2 Cultivation of Algal Cells 40219.3 Strain Selection 40419.4 Types of Micro-Algae Used to Produce Third-Generation Biofuels 40519.5 Biomass Preparation for Third-Generation Biofuel 40519.6 Photobioreactors 40619.6.1 Open Ponds 40619.6.2 Vertical Column Photobioreactors 40719.6.3 Flat-Plate Photobioreactors 40719.6.4 Tubular Photobioreactors 40719.6.5 Internally Illuminated Photobioreactors 40819.7 Production of Biofuels from Algal Cultures 40819.7.1 Biochemical Conversion 40819.7.2 Thermochemical Conversion 41019.7.3 Chemical Conversion 41019.8 Factors Governing the Production of Third-Generation Biofuels 41119.9 Advantages of Third-Generation Biofuel Production 41119.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 412Acknowledgments 413References 41320 Bioethanol Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 417Meganathan Bhuvaneswari and Nallusamy Sivakumar20.1 Introduction 41720.2 Importance of Biofuels 41820.3 Bioethanol as a Promising Biofuel 41820.4 Bioethanol from Wastes 41920.5 General Mechanism of Production of Bioethanol 42020.6 Ethanol Production Using Fruit Wastes 42020.6.1 Bioethanol from Banana Wastes 42020.6.2 Bioethanol from Citrus Fruit Wastes 42120.6.3 Bioethanol from Pineapple Wastes 42220.6.4 Bioethanol from Pomegranate 42220.6.5 Bioethanol from Mango Wastes 42320.6.6 Bioethanol from Jackfruit Wastes 42320.6.7 Bioethanol from Date Palm Fruit Wastes 42320.6.8 Pistachio-Wastes as Potential Raw Material 42320.6.9 Bioethanol from Other Fruit Wastes 42420.7 Bioethanol from Vegetable Wastes 42420.8 Conclusion 425References 42521 Bioprocessing of Cassava Stem to Bioethanol Using Soaking in Aqueous Ammonia Pretreatment 429Ashokan Anushya, Moorthi Swathika, Selvaraju Sivamani, and Nallusamy Sivakumar21.1 Introduction 42921.2 Characterization of Cassava Stem 43121.3 SAA Pretreatment of Cassava Stem 43121.3.1 Effect of Temperature 43221.3.2 Effect of Ammonia Concentration 43421.3.3 Effect of SLR 43421.4 Ethanol Fermentation 43721.5 Conclusion 437References 43822 Bioprospecting of Microbes for Biohydrogen Production: Current Status and Future Challenges 443Sunil Kumar, Sushma Sharma, Sapna Thakur, Tanuja Mishra, Puneet Negi, Shashank Mishra, Abd El-Latif Hesham, Ali A. Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, and Ajar Nath Yadav22.1 Introduction 44322.2 Biohydrogen Production Process 44422.2.1 Photofermentation 44422.2.2 Dark Fermentation 44922.2.3 Biophotolysis 45222.2.4 Microbial Electrolysis Cells 45422.3 Molecular Aspects of Hydrogen Production 45822.4 Biotechnological Tools Involved in the Process 45922.5 Reactors for Biohydrogen Production 46022.5.1 Tubular Reactor 46022.5.2 Flat Panel Reactor 46122.6 Scientific Advancements and Major Challenges in Biohydrogen Production Processes 46122.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 462Acknowledgment 462References 462Index 473