Ted Kaizer is Professor in Roman Culture and History at Durham University. He is the author of The Religious Life of Palmyra and has edited or co-edited several volumes on the social and religious history of the Roman Near East. Most recently he has written the historiographical introductions for two volumes on Dura-Europos in the Bibliotheca Cumontiana, Scripta Minora VII and Scripta Maiora XI.

• Preface xiiList of Figures xiiiList of Maps xxiContributor Biographies xxiiAbbreviations xxviiiMaps xxx1 Introduction 1Ted Kaizer2 Historical Narrative 9Maurice SartrePart I Sources 193 Geographical Sources and Documents 21Gillian Ramsey4 Berossos between Greek and Babylonian Culture 34Johannes H. Haubold5 Lucian, Philo of Byblos, and Ps.-Meliton 44J.L. Lightfoot6 Jewish Sources 54C.T. Robert Hayward Copyrighted Material7 Josephus 66Jan Willem van Henten8 Syriac Sources 76Alberto Rigolio9 Greek and Latin Inscriptions 86Pierre-Louis Gatier10 Ancient North Arabian 99Ahmad al-Jallad11 Parchments and Papyri 105Kimberley Czajkowski12 Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings: Hellenism versus Local Culture 114Lucinda Dirven13 Archaeology and Architecture 126Rubina Raja14 Numismatics 135Kevin Butcher15 Air-Photography 154David L. Kennedy16 Mosaics 177Janine BaltyPart II Regions, Places, and Peoples 18917 The Tetrapolis and Other City Foundations 191Apostolos Bousdroukis18 The Decapolis 213Achim Lichtenberger19 Commagene 223Margherita Facella20 Hellenistic and Roman Phoenicia 240Michael Sommer21 Lebanon 249Julien Aliquot22 Judaea, the Palestinian Coast, the Galilee, Idumaea, and Samaria 259Yaron Z. Eliav23 The Nabataeans 272David F. Graf24 Palmyra 284Jean-Baptiste Yon25 Dura-Europos 295J.A. Baird26 The Middle Euphrates 305P.M. Edwell27 The Parthian and Sasanian Near East (including Hatra, Edessa, and the Characene) 316Tommaso Gnoli28 The Desert and its Peoples 327M.C.A. MacdonaldPart III Themes 33529 The Roman Armies in the Near East 337Oliver Stoll30 Roads and Harbors 350Benjamin Isaac31 Kingdoms and Principalities 365Andreas J.M. Kropp32 Trade 378Michał Gawlikowski33 Local and Regional Economies 389Kai Ruffing34 The Arabs 397M.C.A. Macdonald35 Indigenous Law 402John F. Healey36 Funerary Traditions 412Lidewijde de Jong37 Religious Life 423Alison C. Ewins and Eris B. Williams Reed38 Early Christianity in the Near East 435L. Van RompayBibliography 445Index 518

Ted Kaizer is Professor in Roman Culture and History at Durham University. He is the author of The Religious Life of Palmyra and has edited or co-edited several volumes on the social and religious history of the Roman Near East. Most recently he has written the historiographical introductions for two volumes on Dura-Europos in the Bibliotheca Cumontiana, Scripta Minora VII and Scripta Maiora XI.

• Preface xiiList of Figures xiiiList of Maps xxiContributor Biographies xxiiAbbreviations xxviiiMaps xxx1 Introduction 1Ted Kaizer2 Historical Narrative 9Maurice SartrePart I Sources 193 Geographical Sources and Documents 21Gillian Ramsey4 Berossos between Greek and Babylonian Culture 34Johannes H. Haubold5 Lucian, Philo of Byblos, and Ps.-Meliton 44J.L. Lightfoot6 Jewish Sources 54C.T. Robert Hayward Copyrighted Material7 Josephus 66Jan Willem van Henten8 Syriac Sources 76Alberto Rigolio9 Greek and Latin Inscriptions 86Pierre-Louis Gatier10 Ancient North Arabian 99Ahmad al-Jallad11 Parchments and Papyri 105Kimberley Czajkowski12 Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings: Hellenism versus Local Culture 114Lucinda Dirven13 Archaeology and Architecture 126Rubina Raja14 Numismatics 135Kevin Butcher15 Air-Photography 154David L. Kennedy16 Mosaics 177Janine BaltyPart II Regions, Places, and Peoples 18917 The Tetrapolis and Other City Foundations 191Apostolos Bousdroukis18 The Decapolis 213Achim Lichtenberger19 Commagene 223Margherita Facella20 Hellenistic and Roman Phoenicia 240Michael Sommer21 Lebanon 249Julien Aliquot22 Judaea, the Palestinian Coast, the Galilee, Idumaea, and Samaria 259Yaron Z. Eliav23 The Nabataeans 272David F. Graf24 Palmyra 284Jean-Baptiste Yon25 Dura-Europos 295J.A. Baird26 The Middle Euphrates 305P.M. Edwell27 The Parthian and Sasanian Near East (including Hatra, Edessa, and the Characene) 316Tommaso Gnoli28 The Desert and its Peoples 327M.C.A. MacdonaldPart III Themes 33529 The Roman Armies in the Near East 337Oliver Stoll30 Roads and Harbors 350Benjamin Isaac31 Kingdoms and Principalities 365Andreas J.M. Kropp32 Trade 378Michał Gawlikowski33 Local and Regional Economies 389Kai Ruffing34 The Arabs 397M.C.A. Macdonald35 Indigenous Law 402John F. Healey36 Funerary Traditions 412Lidewijde de Jong37 Religious Life 423Alison C. Ewins and Eris B. Williams Reed38 Early Christianity in the Near East 435L. Van RompayBibliography 445Index 518

Ted Kaizer is Professor in Roman Culture and History at Durham University. He is the author of The Religious Life of Palmyra and has edited or co-edited several volumes on the social and religious history of the Roman Near East. Most recently he has written the historiographical introductions for two volumes on Dura-Europos in the Bibliotheca Cumontiana, Scripta Minora VII and Scripta Maiora XI.

• Preface xiiList of Figures xiiiList of Maps xxiContributor Biographies xxiiAbbreviations xxviiiMaps xxx1 Introduction 1Ted Kaizer2 Historical Narrative 9Maurice SartrePart I Sources 193 Geographical Sources and Documents 21Gillian Ramsey4 Berossos between Greek and Babylonian Culture 34Johannes H. Haubold5 Lucian, Philo of Byblos, and Ps.-Meliton 44J.L. Lightfoot6 Jewish Sources 54C.T. Robert Hayward Copyrighted Material7 Josephus 66Jan Willem van Henten8 Syriac Sources 76Alberto Rigolio9 Greek and Latin Inscriptions 86Pierre-Louis Gatier10 Ancient North Arabian 99Ahmad al-Jallad11 Parchments and Papyri 105Kimberley Czajkowski12 Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings: Hellenism versus Local Culture 114Lucinda Dirven13 Archaeology and Architecture 126Rubina Raja14 Numismatics 135Kevin Butcher15 Air-Photography 154David L. Kennedy16 Mosaics 177Janine BaltyPart II Regions, Places, and Peoples 18917 The Tetrapolis and Other City Foundations 191Apostolos Bousdroukis18 The Decapolis 213Achim Lichtenberger19 Commagene 223Margherita Facella20 Hellenistic and Roman Phoenicia 240Michael Sommer21 Lebanon 249Julien Aliquot22 Judaea, the Palestinian Coast, the Galilee, Idumaea, and Samaria 259Yaron Z. Eliav23 The Nabataeans 272David F. Graf24 Palmyra 284Jean-Baptiste Yon25 Dura-Europos 295J.A. Baird26 The Middle Euphrates 305P.M. Edwell27 The Parthian and Sasanian Near East (including Hatra, Edessa, and the Characene) 316Tommaso Gnoli28 The Desert and its Peoples 327M.C.A. MacdonaldPart III Themes 33529 The Roman Armies in the Near East 337Oliver Stoll30 Roads and Harbors 350Benjamin Isaac31 Kingdoms and Principalities 365Andreas J.M. Kropp32 Trade 378Michał Gawlikowski33 Local and Regional Economies 389Kai Ruffing34 The Arabs 397M.C.A. Macdonald35 Indigenous Law 402John F. Healey36 Funerary Traditions 412Lidewijde de Jong37 Religious Life 423Alison C. Ewins and Eris B. Williams Reed38 Early Christianity in the Near East 435L. Van RompayBibliography 445Index 518