ABOUT THE EDITORS ARYADEEP ROYCHOUDHURY is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. DURGESH KUMAR TRIPATHI is Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.

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• List of Contributors xix1 Role of Proline and Glycine Betaine in Overcoming Abiotic Stresses 1Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury1.1 Introduction 11.2 Responses of Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 21.3 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectant Functions in Overcoming Stress 31.4 Application of Osmoprotectants in Stress Conditions 71.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 14Acknowledgment 14References 152 Glycine Betaine and Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Update 24Giridara-Kumar Surabhi and Arpita Rout2.1 Introduction 242.2 Biosynthesis of GB 252.3 Accumulation of GB Under Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 262.4 Exogenous Application of GB in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 272.5 Transgenic Approach to Enhance GB Accumulation in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 332.6 Effect of GB on Reproductive Stage in Different Crops 352.7 Pyramiding GB Synthesizing Genes for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 412.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 43Acknowledgment 43Reference 443 Osmoprotective Role of Sugar in Mitigating Abiotic Stress in Plants 53Farhan Ahmad, Ananya Singh, and Aisha Kamal3.1 Introduction 533.2 Involvement of Sugar in Plant Developmental Process 543.3 Multidimensional Role of Sugar Under Optimal and Stressed Conditions 55References 624 Sugars and Sugar Polyols in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 71Saswati Bhattacharya and Anirban Kundu4.1 Introduction 714.2 Types of Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 724.3 Mechanism of Action of Sugars and Polyols 774.4 Involvement of Sugars and Polyols in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 824.5 Engineering Abiotic Stress Tolerance Using Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 874.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 91References 925 Ascorbate and Tocopherols in Mitigating Oxidative Stress 102Kingsuk Das5.1 Introduction 1025.2 Role of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Physiological Processes 1035.3 Transgenic Approaches for Overproduction of Ascorbate Content for Fight Against Abiotic Stress 1045.4 Conclusion 113References 1146 Role of Glutathione Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 122Nimisha Amist and N. B. Singh6.1 Introduction 1226.2 Glutathione Molecular Structure 1236.3 Glutathione Biosynthesis and Distribution 1246.4 Glutathione-induced Oxidative Stress Tolerance 1276.5 Impact of Abiotic Stress on Glutathione Content in Various Plants 1296.6 Exogenous Application of GSH in Plants 1316.7 Cross Talk on Glutathione Signaling Under Abiotic Stress 1316.8 Conclusion 137References 1377 Modulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance Through Hydrogen Peroxide 147Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 1497.3 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cells 1497.4 Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Overcoming Stress 1547.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 163Acknowledgment 163References 1638 Exogenous Nitric Oxide- and Hydrogen Sulfide-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 174Mirza Hasanuzzaman, M. H. M. Borhannuddin Bhuyan, Kamrun Nahar, Sayed Mohammad Mohsin, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Khursheda Parvin, and Masayuki Fujita8.1 Introduction 1748.2 Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 1758.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis in Plants 1778.4 Application Methods of NO and H2S Donors in Plants 1788.5 Exogenous NO-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance 1788.6 Conclusions and Outlook 202References 2039 Role of Nitric Oxide in Overcoming Heavy Metal Stress 214Pradyumna Kumar Singh, Madhu Tiwari, Maria Kidwai, Dipali Srivastava, Rudra Deo Tripathi, and Debasis Chakrabarty9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Nitric Oxide and Osmolyte Synthesis During Heavy Metal Stress 2169.3 Relation of Nitric Oxide and Secondary Metabolite Modulation in Heavy Metal Stress 2179.4 Regulation of Redox Regulatory Mechanism by Nitric Oxide 2189.5 Nitric Oxide and Hormonal Cross Talk During Heavy Metal Stress 2229.6 Conclusion 227References 22710 Protective Role of Sodium Nitroprusside in Overcoming Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 238Satabdi Ghosh10.1 Introduction 23810.2 Role of SNP in Alleviating Abiotic Stress 23910.3 Conclusion and Future Prospect 245Acknowledgments 245References 24511 Role of Growth Regulators and Phytohormones in Overcoming Environmental Stress 254Deepesh Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Mayank Sharma, Megha D. Bhatt, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Naresh V. Butani11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Function of Classical Plant Hormones in Stress Mitigation 25611.3 Role of Specialized Stress-responsive Hormones 26011.4 Hormone Cross Talk and Stress Alleviation 26511.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 268References 26812 Abscisic Acid Application and Abiotic Stress Amelioration 280Nasreena Sajjad , Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Durdana Shah, Abubakar Wani, Nazish Nazir, Rohaya Ali, and Sumaya Hassan12.1 Introduction 28012.2 Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis 28112.3 Role of Abscisic Acid in Plant Stress Tolerance 28212.4 Regulation of ABA Biosynthesis Through Abiotic Stress 28212.5 ABA and Abiotic Stress Signaling 28312.6 Drought Stress 28412.7 UV-B Stress 28412.8 Water Stress 28512.9 ABA and Transcription Factors in Stress Tolerance 28512.10 Conclusion 286References 28613 Role of Polyamines in Mitigating Abiotic Stress 291Rohaya Ali, Sumaya Hassan, Durdana Shah, Nasreena Sajjad, and Eijaz Ahmed Bhat13.1 Introduction 29113.2 Distribution and Function of Polyamines 29313.3 Synthesis, Catabolism, and Role of Polyamines 29313.4 Polyamines and Abiotic Stress 29513.5 Conclusion 299References 30014 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Abiotic Stress-induced Damages 306Nasreena Sajjad, Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Sumaya Hassan, Rohaya Ali , and Durdana Shah14.1 Introduction 30614.2 Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants 30614.3 Modulation of Melatonin Levels in Plants Under Stress Conditions 30714.4 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Stress-induced Damages 30914.5 Mechanisms of Melatonin-mediated Stress Tolerance 31114.6 Conclusion 313References 31315 Brassinosteroids in Lowering Abiotic Stress-mediated Damages 318Gunjan Sirohi and Meenu Kapoor15.1 Introduction 31815.2 BR-induced Stress Tolerance in Plants 31915.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 323References 32316 Strigolactones in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 327Megha D. Bhatt, and Deepesh Bhatt16.1 Introduction 32716.2 Various Roles of SLs in Plants 33116.3 Cross Talk Between Other Phytohormones and SLs 33516.4 Conclusion 336References 33617 Emerging Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonates in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 342Parankusam Santisree, Lakshmi Chandra Lekha Jalli, Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, and Kiran K. Sharma17.1 Introduction 34217.2 Salicylic Acid 34317.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of SA 34317.4 SA in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 34617.5 Signaling of SA Under Abiotic Stress 35117.6 Jasmonic Acid 35217.7 Physiological Function of Jasmonates 35317.8 Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid 35417.9 JA Signaling in Plants 35517.10 JA and Abiotic Stress 35617.11 Role of Jasmonates in Temperature Stress 35717.12 Metal Stress and Role of Jasmonates 35817.13 Jasmonates and Salt Stress 35917.14 Jasmonates and Water Stress 36017.15 Cross Talk Between JA and SA Under Abiotic Stress 36117.16 Concluding Remarks 362Acknowledgments 363References 36318 Multifaceted Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 374Nilanjan Chakraborty , Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya18.1 Introduction 37418.2 Biosynthesis of SA and JA 37418.3 Exogenous Application of SA and JA in Abiotic Stress Responses 37718.4 Future Goal and Concluding Remarks 378References 38319 Brassinosteroids and Salicylic Acid as Chemical Agents to Ameliorate Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 389B. Vidya Vardhini19.1 Introduction 38919.2 Overview of PGRs 38919.3 BRs and SA in Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses 39019.4 Conclusion 400References 40020 Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in the Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants 413Ankur Singh and Aryadeep Roychoudhury20.1 Introduction 41320.2 GABA Metabolism 41420.3 Protective Role of GABA Under Different Stresses 41520.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 419Acknowledgments 419Reference 42021 Isoprenoids in Plant Protection Against Abiotic Stress 424Syed Uzma Jalil and Mohammad Israil Ansari21.1 Introduction 42421.2 Synthesis of Free Radicals During Abiotic Stress Conditions 42621.3 Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids in Plants 42721.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Isoprenoids During Abiotic Stresses 42821.5 Conclusion 430Acknowledgments 431References 43122 Involvement of Sulfur in the Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 437Santanu Samanta, Ankur Singh, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury22.1 Introduction 43722.2 Sulfur Metabolism 43822.3 Sulfur Compounds Having Potential to Ameliorate Abiotic Stress 43822.4 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Salinity Stress 44122.5 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Drought Stress 44322.6 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Temperature Stress 44422.7 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Light Stress 44622.8 Role of Sulfur Compounds in Heavy Metal Stress 44722.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 452Acknowledgments 452References 45323 Role of Thiourea in Mitigating Different Environmental Stresses in Plants 467Vikas Yadav Patade, Ganesh C. Nikalje, and Sudhakar Srivastava23.1 Introduction 46723.2 Modes of TU Application 46823.3 Biological Roles of TU Under Normal Conditions 46923.4 Role of Exogenous Application of TU in Mitigation of Environmental Stresses 47023.5 Mechanisms of TU-mediated Enhanced Stress Tolerance 47423.6 Success Stories of TU Application at Field Level 47623.7 Conclusion 477References 47824 Oxylipins and Strobilurins as Protective Chemical Agents to Generate Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 483Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury24.1 Introduction 48324.2 Signaling Mediated by Oxylipins 48424.3 Roles of Oxylipins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48424.4 Role of Strobilurins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48624.5 Conclusion 48724.6 Future Perspectives 487Acknowledgments 487References 48725 Role of Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 491Abbu Zaid, Mohd. Asgher, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, and Shabir H. Wani25.1 Introduction 49125.2 Environmental Stresses and Tria as a Principal Stress-Alleviating Component in Diverse Crop Plants 49325.3 Assessment of Foliar and Seed Priming Tria Application in Regulating Diverse Physio-biochemical Traits in Plants 49725.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 499Acknowledgments 502References 50226 Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stress in Plants 510Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury26.1 Introduction 51026.2 Nature of Damages by Different Abiotic Stresses 51226.3 Synthesis of Chemicals 51526.4 Role of Exogenously Added Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol During Stress 51626.5 Conclusion 523Acknowledgment 524References 52427 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Amelioration of Environmental Stress in Plants 535Jainendra Pathak, Haseen Ahmed, Neha Kumari, Abha Pandey, Rajneesh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha27.1 Introduction 53527.2 Biological Functions of Calcium and Potassium in Plants 53727.3 Calcium and Potassium Uptake, Transport, and Assimilation in Plants 53827.4 Calcium- and Potassium-induced Abiotic Stress Signaling 54027.5 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 54227.6 Waterlogging Conditions 55027.7 High Light Intensity 55027.8 Conclusion 551Acknowledgments 551References 55228 Role of Nitric Oxide and Calcium Signaling in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 563Zaffar Malik, Sobia Afzal, Muhammad Danish, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Syed Asad Hussain Bukhari, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Dawood, Muhammad Kamran, Mona H. Soliman, Muhammad Rizwan, Haifa Abdulaziz S. Alhaithloulf, and Shafaqat Ali28.1 Introduction 56328.2 Sources of Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 56528.3 Effects of Nitric Oxide on Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 56628.4 Role of Calcium Signaling During Abiotic Stresses 571References 57529 Iron, Zinc, and Copper Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 582Titash Dutta, Nageswara Rao Reddy Neelapu, and Challa Surekha29.1 Introduction 58229.2 Iron 58629.3 Zinc 58729.4 Copper 58829.5 Conclusion 590References 59030 Role of Selenium and Manganese in Mitigating Oxidative Damages 597Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury30.1 Introduction 59730.2 Factors Augmenting Oxidative Stress 59930.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants 60130.4 Role of Manganese (Mn) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60430.5 Role of Selenium (Se) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60730.6 Role of Antioxidants in Counteracting ROS 60830.7 Role of Se in Re-establishing Cellular Structure and Function 60930.8 Conclusion 610Acknowledgment 611References 61131 Role of Silicon Transportation Through Aquaporin Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 622Ashwini Talakayala, Srinivas Ankanagari, and Mallikarjuna Garladinne31.1 Introduction 62231.2 Aquaporins 62331.3 Molecular Mechanism of Water and Si Transportation Through Aquaporins 62431.4 AQP Gating Influx/Outflux 62431.5 Si-induced AQP Trafficking 62731.6 Roles of Aquaporins in Plant–Water Relations Under Abiotic Stress 62731.7 Role of Silicon in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 62731.8 Si-mediated Drought Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62731.9 Si-mediated Salinity Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62831.10 Si-mediated Oxidative Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62931.11 Si Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway Under Biotic Stress 63031.12 Conclusion 630References 63032 Application of Nanoparticles in Overcoming Different Environmental Stresses 635Deepesh Bhatt, Megha D. Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Rachana Dudhat, Mayank Sharma, and Deepak Singh Bisht32.1 Introduction 63532.2 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles 63732.3 Mode of Synthesis of Nanoparticles 63832.4 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Stress Acclimation 63932.5 Types of Environmental Stresses 64632.6 Possible Protective Mechanism of Nanoparticles 64932.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 650References 650Index 655

ABOUT THE EDITORS ARYADEEP ROYCHOUDHURY is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. DURGESH KUMAR TRIPATHI is Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.

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• List of Contributors xix1 Role of Proline and Glycine Betaine in Overcoming Abiotic Stresses 1Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury1.1 Introduction 11.2 Responses of Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 21.3 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectant Functions in Overcoming Stress 31.4 Application of Osmoprotectants in Stress Conditions 71.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 14Acknowledgment 14References 152 Glycine Betaine and Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Update 24Giridara-Kumar Surabhi and Arpita Rout2.1 Introduction 242.2 Biosynthesis of GB 252.3 Accumulation of GB Under Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 262.4 Exogenous Application of GB in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 272.5 Transgenic Approach to Enhance GB Accumulation in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 332.6 Effect of GB on Reproductive Stage in Different Crops 352.7 Pyramiding GB Synthesizing Genes for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 412.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 43Acknowledgment 43Reference 443 Osmoprotective Role of Sugar in Mitigating Abiotic Stress in Plants 53Farhan Ahmad, Ananya Singh, and Aisha Kamal3.1 Introduction 533.2 Involvement of Sugar in Plant Developmental Process 543.3 Multidimensional Role of Sugar Under Optimal and Stressed Conditions 55References 624 Sugars and Sugar Polyols in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 71Saswati Bhattacharya and Anirban Kundu4.1 Introduction 714.2 Types of Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 724.3 Mechanism of Action of Sugars and Polyols 774.4 Involvement of Sugars and Polyols in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 824.5 Engineering Abiotic Stress Tolerance Using Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 874.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 91References 925 Ascorbate and Tocopherols in Mitigating Oxidative Stress 102Kingsuk Das5.1 Introduction 1025.2 Role of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Physiological Processes 1035.3 Transgenic Approaches for Overproduction of Ascorbate Content for Fight Against Abiotic Stress 1045.4 Conclusion 113References 1146 Role of Glutathione Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 122Nimisha Amist and N. B. Singh6.1 Introduction 1226.2 Glutathione Molecular Structure 1236.3 Glutathione Biosynthesis and Distribution 1246.4 Glutathione-induced Oxidative Stress Tolerance 1276.5 Impact of Abiotic Stress on Glutathione Content in Various Plants 1296.6 Exogenous Application of GSH in Plants 1316.7 Cross Talk on Glutathione Signaling Under Abiotic Stress 1316.8 Conclusion 137References 1377 Modulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance Through Hydrogen Peroxide 147Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 1497.3 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cells 1497.4 Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Overcoming Stress 1547.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 163Acknowledgment 163References 1638 Exogenous Nitric Oxide- and Hydrogen Sulfide-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 174Mirza Hasanuzzaman, M. H. M. Borhannuddin Bhuyan, Kamrun Nahar, Sayed Mohammad Mohsin, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Khursheda Parvin, and Masayuki Fujita8.1 Introduction 1748.2 Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 1758.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis in Plants 1778.4 Application Methods of NO and H2S Donors in Plants 1788.5 Exogenous NO-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance 1788.6 Conclusions and Outlook 202References 2039 Role of Nitric Oxide in Overcoming Heavy Metal Stress 214Pradyumna Kumar Singh, Madhu Tiwari, Maria Kidwai, Dipali Srivastava, Rudra Deo Tripathi, and Debasis Chakrabarty9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Nitric Oxide and Osmolyte Synthesis During Heavy Metal Stress 2169.3 Relation of Nitric Oxide and Secondary Metabolite Modulation in Heavy Metal Stress 2179.4 Regulation of Redox Regulatory Mechanism by Nitric Oxide 2189.5 Nitric Oxide and Hormonal Cross Talk During Heavy Metal Stress 2229.6 Conclusion 227References 22710 Protective Role of Sodium Nitroprusside in Overcoming Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 238Satabdi Ghosh10.1 Introduction 23810.2 Role of SNP in Alleviating Abiotic Stress 23910.3 Conclusion and Future Prospect 245Acknowledgments 245References 24511 Role of Growth Regulators and Phytohormones in Overcoming Environmental Stress 254Deepesh Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Mayank Sharma, Megha D. Bhatt, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Naresh V. Butani11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Function of Classical Plant Hormones in Stress Mitigation 25611.3 Role of Specialized Stress-responsive Hormones 26011.4 Hormone Cross Talk and Stress Alleviation 26511.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 268References 26812 Abscisic Acid Application and Abiotic Stress Amelioration 280Nasreena Sajjad , Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Durdana Shah, Abubakar Wani, Nazish Nazir, Rohaya Ali, and Sumaya Hassan12.1 Introduction 28012.2 Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis 28112.3 Role of Abscisic Acid in Plant Stress Tolerance 28212.4 Regulation of ABA Biosynthesis Through Abiotic Stress 28212.5 ABA and Abiotic Stress Signaling 28312.6 Drought Stress 28412.7 UV-B Stress 28412.8 Water Stress 28512.9 ABA and Transcription Factors in Stress Tolerance 28512.10 Conclusion 286References 28613 Role of Polyamines in Mitigating Abiotic Stress 291Rohaya Ali, Sumaya Hassan, Durdana Shah, Nasreena Sajjad, and Eijaz Ahmed Bhat13.1 Introduction 29113.2 Distribution and Function of Polyamines 29313.3 Synthesis, Catabolism, and Role of Polyamines 29313.4 Polyamines and Abiotic Stress 29513.5 Conclusion 299References 30014 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Abiotic Stress-induced Damages 306Nasreena Sajjad, Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Sumaya Hassan, Rohaya Ali , and Durdana Shah14.1 Introduction 30614.2 Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants 30614.3 Modulation of Melatonin Levels in Plants Under Stress Conditions 30714.4 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Stress-induced Damages 30914.5 Mechanisms of Melatonin-mediated Stress Tolerance 31114.6 Conclusion 313References 31315 Brassinosteroids in Lowering Abiotic Stress-mediated Damages 318Gunjan Sirohi and Meenu Kapoor15.1 Introduction 31815.2 BR-induced Stress Tolerance in Plants 31915.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 323References 32316 Strigolactones in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 327Megha D. Bhatt, and Deepesh Bhatt16.1 Introduction 32716.2 Various Roles of SLs in Plants 33116.3 Cross Talk Between Other Phytohormones and SLs 33516.4 Conclusion 336References 33617 Emerging Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonates in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 342Parankusam Santisree, Lakshmi Chandra Lekha Jalli, Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, and Kiran K. Sharma17.1 Introduction 34217.2 Salicylic Acid 34317.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of SA 34317.4 SA in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 34617.5 Signaling of SA Under Abiotic Stress 35117.6 Jasmonic Acid 35217.7 Physiological Function of Jasmonates 35317.8 Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid 35417.9 JA Signaling in Plants 35517.10 JA and Abiotic Stress 35617.11 Role of Jasmonates in Temperature Stress 35717.12 Metal Stress and Role of Jasmonates 35817.13 Jasmonates and Salt Stress 35917.14 Jasmonates and Water Stress 36017.15 Cross Talk Between JA and SA Under Abiotic Stress 36117.16 Concluding Remarks 362Acknowledgments 363References 36318 Multifaceted Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 374Nilanjan Chakraborty , Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya18.1 Introduction 37418.2 Biosynthesis of SA and JA 37418.3 Exogenous Application of SA and JA in Abiotic Stress Responses 37718.4 Future Goal and Concluding Remarks 378References 38319 Brassinosteroids and Salicylic Acid as Chemical Agents to Ameliorate Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 389B. Vidya Vardhini19.1 Introduction 38919.2 Overview of PGRs 38919.3 BRs and SA in Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses 39019.4 Conclusion 400References 40020 Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in the Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants 413Ankur Singh and Aryadeep Roychoudhury20.1 Introduction 41320.2 GABA Metabolism 41420.3 Protective Role of GABA Under Different Stresses 41520.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 419Acknowledgments 419Reference 42021 Isoprenoids in Plant Protection Against Abiotic Stress 424Syed Uzma Jalil and Mohammad Israil Ansari21.1 Introduction 42421.2 Synthesis of Free Radicals During Abiotic Stress Conditions 42621.3 Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids in Plants 42721.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Isoprenoids During Abiotic Stresses 42821.5 Conclusion 430Acknowledgments 431References 43122 Involvement of Sulfur in the Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 437Santanu Samanta, Ankur Singh, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury22.1 Introduction 43722.2 Sulfur Metabolism 43822.3 Sulfur Compounds Having Potential to Ameliorate Abiotic Stress 43822.4 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Salinity Stress 44122.5 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Drought Stress 44322.6 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Temperature Stress 44422.7 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Light Stress 44622.8 Role of Sulfur Compounds in Heavy Metal Stress 44722.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 452Acknowledgments 452References 45323 Role of Thiourea in Mitigating Different Environmental Stresses in Plants 467Vikas Yadav Patade, Ganesh C. Nikalje, and Sudhakar Srivastava23.1 Introduction 46723.2 Modes of TU Application 46823.3 Biological Roles of TU Under Normal Conditions 46923.4 Role of Exogenous Application of TU in Mitigation of Environmental Stresses 47023.5 Mechanisms of TU-mediated Enhanced Stress Tolerance 47423.6 Success Stories of TU Application at Field Level 47623.7 Conclusion 477References 47824 Oxylipins and Strobilurins as Protective Chemical Agents to Generate Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 483Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury24.1 Introduction 48324.2 Signaling Mediated by Oxylipins 48424.3 Roles of Oxylipins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48424.4 Role of Strobilurins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48624.5 Conclusion 48724.6 Future Perspectives 487Acknowledgments 487References 48725 Role of Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 491Abbu Zaid, Mohd. Asgher, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, and Shabir H. Wani25.1 Introduction 49125.2 Environmental Stresses and Tria as a Principal Stress-Alleviating Component in Diverse Crop Plants 49325.3 Assessment of Foliar and Seed Priming Tria Application in Regulating Diverse Physio-biochemical Traits in Plants 49725.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 499Acknowledgments 502References 50226 Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stress in Plants 510Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury26.1 Introduction 51026.2 Nature of Damages by Different Abiotic Stresses 51226.3 Synthesis of Chemicals 51526.4 Role of Exogenously Added Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol During Stress 51626.5 Conclusion 523Acknowledgment 524References 52427 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Amelioration of Environmental Stress in Plants 535Jainendra Pathak, Haseen Ahmed, Neha Kumari, Abha Pandey, Rajneesh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha27.1 Introduction 53527.2 Biological Functions of Calcium and Potassium in Plants 53727.3 Calcium and Potassium Uptake, Transport, and Assimilation in Plants 53827.4 Calcium- and Potassium-induced Abiotic Stress Signaling 54027.5 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 54227.6 Waterlogging Conditions 55027.7 High Light Intensity 55027.8 Conclusion 551Acknowledgments 551References 55228 Role of Nitric Oxide and Calcium Signaling in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 563Zaffar Malik, Sobia Afzal, Muhammad Danish, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Syed Asad Hussain Bukhari, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Dawood, Muhammad Kamran, Mona H. Soliman, Muhammad Rizwan, Haifa Abdulaziz S. Alhaithloulf, and Shafaqat Ali28.1 Introduction 56328.2 Sources of Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 56528.3 Effects of Nitric Oxide on Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 56628.4 Role of Calcium Signaling During Abiotic Stresses 571References 57529 Iron, Zinc, and Copper Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 582Titash Dutta, Nageswara Rao Reddy Neelapu, and Challa Surekha29.1 Introduction 58229.2 Iron 58629.3 Zinc 58729.4 Copper 58829.5 Conclusion 590References 59030 Role of Selenium and Manganese in Mitigating Oxidative Damages 597Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury30.1 Introduction 59730.2 Factors Augmenting Oxidative Stress 59930.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants 60130.4 Role of Manganese (Mn) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60430.5 Role of Selenium (Se) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60730.6 Role of Antioxidants in Counteracting ROS 60830.7 Role of Se in Re-establishing Cellular Structure and Function 60930.8 Conclusion 610Acknowledgment 611References 61131 Role of Silicon Transportation Through Aquaporin Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 622Ashwini Talakayala, Srinivas Ankanagari, and Mallikarjuna Garladinne31.1 Introduction 62231.2 Aquaporins 62331.3 Molecular Mechanism of Water and Si Transportation Through Aquaporins 62431.4 AQP Gating Influx/Outflux 62431.5 Si-induced AQP Trafficking 62731.6 Roles of Aquaporins in Plant–Water Relations Under Abiotic Stress 62731.7 Role of Silicon in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 62731.8 Si-mediated Drought Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62731.9 Si-mediated Salinity Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62831.10 Si-mediated Oxidative Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62931.11 Si Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway Under Biotic Stress 63031.12 Conclusion 630References 63032 Application of Nanoparticles in Overcoming Different Environmental Stresses 635Deepesh Bhatt, Megha D. Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Rachana Dudhat, Mayank Sharma, and Deepak Singh Bisht32.1 Introduction 63532.2 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles 63732.3 Mode of Synthesis of Nanoparticles 63832.4 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Stress Acclimation 63932.5 Types of Environmental Stresses 64632.6 Possible Protective Mechanism of Nanoparticles 64932.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 650References 650Index 655

ABOUT THE EDITORS ARYADEEP ROYCHOUDHURY is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. DURGESH KUMAR TRIPATHI is Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.

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• List of Contributors xix1 Role of Proline and Glycine Betaine in Overcoming Abiotic Stresses 1Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury1.1 Introduction 11.2 Responses of Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 21.3 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectant Functions in Overcoming Stress 31.4 Application of Osmoprotectants in Stress Conditions 71.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 14Acknowledgment 14References 152 Glycine Betaine and Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Update 24Giridara-Kumar Surabhi and Arpita Rout2.1 Introduction 242.2 Biosynthesis of GB 252.3 Accumulation of GB Under Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 262.4 Exogenous Application of GB in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 272.5 Transgenic Approach to Enhance GB Accumulation in Crop Plants Under Abiotic Stress 332.6 Effect of GB on Reproductive Stage in Different Crops 352.7 Pyramiding GB Synthesizing Genes for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 412.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 43Acknowledgment 43Reference 443 Osmoprotective Role of Sugar in Mitigating Abiotic Stress in Plants 53Farhan Ahmad, Ananya Singh, and Aisha Kamal3.1 Introduction 533.2 Involvement of Sugar in Plant Developmental Process 543.3 Multidimensional Role of Sugar Under Optimal and Stressed Conditions 55References 624 Sugars and Sugar Polyols in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 71Saswati Bhattacharya and Anirban Kundu4.1 Introduction 714.2 Types of Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 724.3 Mechanism of Action of Sugars and Polyols 774.4 Involvement of Sugars and Polyols in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 824.5 Engineering Abiotic Stress Tolerance Using Sugars and Sugar Alcohols 874.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 91References 925 Ascorbate and Tocopherols in Mitigating Oxidative Stress 102Kingsuk Das5.1 Introduction 1025.2 Role of Ascorbic Acid in Plant Physiological Processes 1035.3 Transgenic Approaches for Overproduction of Ascorbate Content for Fight Against Abiotic Stress 1045.4 Conclusion 113References 1146 Role of Glutathione Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 122Nimisha Amist and N. B. Singh6.1 Introduction 1226.2 Glutathione Molecular Structure 1236.3 Glutathione Biosynthesis and Distribution 1246.4 Glutathione-induced Oxidative Stress Tolerance 1276.5 Impact of Abiotic Stress on Glutathione Content in Various Plants 1296.6 Exogenous Application of GSH in Plants 1316.7 Cross Talk on Glutathione Signaling Under Abiotic Stress 1316.8 Conclusion 137References 1377 Modulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance Through Hydrogen Peroxide 147Murat Dikilitas, Eray Simsek, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants 1497.3 Mechanisms of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cells 1497.4 Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Overcoming Stress 1547.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 163Acknowledgment 163References 1638 Exogenous Nitric Oxide- and Hydrogen Sulfide-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 174Mirza Hasanuzzaman, M. H. M. Borhannuddin Bhuyan, Kamrun Nahar, Sayed Mohammad Mohsin, Jubayer Al Mahmud, Khursheda Parvin, and Masayuki Fujita8.1 Introduction 1748.2 Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 1758.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis in Plants 1778.4 Application Methods of NO and H2S Donors in Plants 1788.5 Exogenous NO-induced Abiotic Stress Tolerance 1788.6 Conclusions and Outlook 202References 2039 Role of Nitric Oxide in Overcoming Heavy Metal Stress 214Pradyumna Kumar Singh, Madhu Tiwari, Maria Kidwai, Dipali Srivastava, Rudra Deo Tripathi, and Debasis Chakrabarty9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Nitric Oxide and Osmolyte Synthesis During Heavy Metal Stress 2169.3 Relation of Nitric Oxide and Secondary Metabolite Modulation in Heavy Metal Stress 2179.4 Regulation of Redox Regulatory Mechanism by Nitric Oxide 2189.5 Nitric Oxide and Hormonal Cross Talk During Heavy Metal Stress 2229.6 Conclusion 227References 22710 Protective Role of Sodium Nitroprusside in Overcoming Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 238Satabdi Ghosh10.1 Introduction 23810.2 Role of SNP in Alleviating Abiotic Stress 23910.3 Conclusion and Future Prospect 245Acknowledgments 245References 24511 Role of Growth Regulators and Phytohormones in Overcoming Environmental Stress 254Deepesh Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Mayank Sharma, Megha D. Bhatt, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Naresh V. Butani11.1 Introduction 25411.2 Function of Classical Plant Hormones in Stress Mitigation 25611.3 Role of Specialized Stress-responsive Hormones 26011.4 Hormone Cross Talk and Stress Alleviation 26511.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 268References 26812 Abscisic Acid Application and Abiotic Stress Amelioration 280Nasreena Sajjad , Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Durdana Shah, Abubakar Wani, Nazish Nazir, Rohaya Ali, and Sumaya Hassan12.1 Introduction 28012.2 Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis 28112.3 Role of Abscisic Acid in Plant Stress Tolerance 28212.4 Regulation of ABA Biosynthesis Through Abiotic Stress 28212.5 ABA and Abiotic Stress Signaling 28312.6 Drought Stress 28412.7 UV-B Stress 28412.8 Water Stress 28512.9 ABA and Transcription Factors in Stress Tolerance 28512.10 Conclusion 286References 28613 Role of Polyamines in Mitigating Abiotic Stress 291Rohaya Ali, Sumaya Hassan, Durdana Shah, Nasreena Sajjad, and Eijaz Ahmed Bhat13.1 Introduction 29113.2 Distribution and Function of Polyamines 29313.3 Synthesis, Catabolism, and Role of Polyamines 29313.4 Polyamines and Abiotic Stress 29513.5 Conclusion 299References 30014 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Abiotic Stress-induced Damages 306Nasreena Sajjad, Eijaz Ahmed Bhat, Sumaya Hassan, Rohaya Ali , and Durdana Shah14.1 Introduction 30614.2 Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants 30614.3 Modulation of Melatonin Levels in Plants Under Stress Conditions 30714.4 Role of Melatonin in Amelioration of Stress-induced Damages 30914.5 Mechanisms of Melatonin-mediated Stress Tolerance 31114.6 Conclusion 313References 31315 Brassinosteroids in Lowering Abiotic Stress-mediated Damages 318Gunjan Sirohi and Meenu Kapoor15.1 Introduction 31815.2 BR-induced Stress Tolerance in Plants 31915.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 323References 32316 Strigolactones in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 327Megha D. Bhatt, and Deepesh Bhatt16.1 Introduction 32716.2 Various Roles of SLs in Plants 33116.3 Cross Talk Between Other Phytohormones and SLs 33516.4 Conclusion 336References 33617 Emerging Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonates in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses 342Parankusam Santisree, Lakshmi Chandra Lekha Jalli, Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, and Kiran K. Sharma17.1 Introduction 34217.2 Salicylic Acid 34317.3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of SA 34317.4 SA in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 34617.5 Signaling of SA Under Abiotic Stress 35117.6 Jasmonic Acid 35217.7 Physiological Function of Jasmonates 35317.8 Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid 35417.9 JA Signaling in Plants 35517.10 JA and Abiotic Stress 35617.11 Role of Jasmonates in Temperature Stress 35717.12 Metal Stress and Role of Jasmonates 35817.13 Jasmonates and Salt Stress 35917.14 Jasmonates and Water Stress 36017.15 Cross Talk Between JA and SA Under Abiotic Stress 36117.16 Concluding Remarks 362Acknowledgments 363References 36318 Multifaceted Roles of Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 374Nilanjan Chakraborty , Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya18.1 Introduction 37418.2 Biosynthesis of SA and JA 37418.3 Exogenous Application of SA and JA in Abiotic Stress Responses 37718.4 Future Goal and Concluding Remarks 378References 38319 Brassinosteroids and Salicylic Acid as Chemical Agents to Ameliorate Diverse Environmental Stresses in Plants 389B. Vidya Vardhini19.1 Introduction 38919.2 Overview of PGRs 38919.3 BRs and SA in Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses 39019.4 Conclusion 400References 40020 Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in the Mitigation of Abiotic Stress in Plants 413Ankur Singh and Aryadeep Roychoudhury20.1 Introduction 41320.2 GABA Metabolism 41420.3 Protective Role of GABA Under Different Stresses 41520.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 419Acknowledgments 419Reference 42021 Isoprenoids in Plant Protection Against Abiotic Stress 424Syed Uzma Jalil and Mohammad Israil Ansari21.1 Introduction 42421.2 Synthesis of Free Radicals During Abiotic Stress Conditions 42621.3 Biosynthesis of Isoprenoids in Plants 42721.4 Functions and Mechanisms of Isoprenoids During Abiotic Stresses 42821.5 Conclusion 430Acknowledgments 431References 43122 Involvement of Sulfur in the Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 437Santanu Samanta, Ankur Singh, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury22.1 Introduction 43722.2 Sulfur Metabolism 43822.3 Sulfur Compounds Having Potential to Ameliorate Abiotic Stress 43822.4 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Salinity Stress 44122.5 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Drought Stress 44322.6 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Temperature Stress 44422.7 Role of Sulfur Compounds During Light Stress 44622.8 Role of Sulfur Compounds in Heavy Metal Stress 44722.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 452Acknowledgments 452References 45323 Role of Thiourea in Mitigating Different Environmental Stresses in Plants 467Vikas Yadav Patade, Ganesh C. Nikalje, and Sudhakar Srivastava23.1 Introduction 46723.2 Modes of TU Application 46823.3 Biological Roles of TU Under Normal Conditions 46923.4 Role of Exogenous Application of TU in Mitigation of Environmental Stresses 47023.5 Mechanisms of TU-mediated Enhanced Stress Tolerance 47423.6 Success Stories of TU Application at Field Level 47623.7 Conclusion 477References 47824 Oxylipins and Strobilurins as Protective Chemical Agents to Generate Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 483Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury24.1 Introduction 48324.2 Signaling Mediated by Oxylipins 48424.3 Roles of Oxylipins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48424.4 Role of Strobilurins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 48624.5 Conclusion 48724.6 Future Perspectives 487Acknowledgments 487References 48725 Role of Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stresses 491Abbu Zaid, Mohd. Asgher, Ishfaq Ahmad Wani, and Shabir H. Wani25.1 Introduction 49125.2 Environmental Stresses and Tria as a Principal Stress-Alleviating Component in Diverse Crop Plants 49325.3 Assessment of Foliar and Seed Priming Tria Application in Regulating Diverse Physio-biochemical Traits in Plants 49725.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 499Acknowledgments 502References 50226 Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stress in Plants 510Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury26.1 Introduction 51026.2 Nature of Damages by Different Abiotic Stresses 51226.3 Synthesis of Chemicals 51526.4 Role of Exogenously Added Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol During Stress 51626.5 Conclusion 523Acknowledgment 524References 52427 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Amelioration of Environmental Stress in Plants 535Jainendra Pathak, Haseen Ahmed, Neha Kumari, Abha Pandey, Rajneesh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha27.1 Introduction 53527.2 Biological Functions of Calcium and Potassium in Plants 53727.3 Calcium and Potassium Uptake, Transport, and Assimilation in Plants 53827.4 Calcium- and Potassium-induced Abiotic Stress Signaling 54027.5 Role of Calcium and Potassium in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 54227.6 Waterlogging Conditions 55027.7 High Light Intensity 55027.8 Conclusion 551Acknowledgments 551References 55228 Role of Nitric Oxide and Calcium Signaling in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 563Zaffar Malik, Sobia Afzal, Muhammad Danish, Ghulam Hassan Abbasi, Syed Asad Hussain Bukhari, Muhammad Imran Khan, Muhammad Dawood, Muhammad Kamran, Mona H. Soliman, Muhammad Rizwan, Haifa Abdulaziz S. Alhaithloulf, and Shafaqat Ali28.1 Introduction 56328.2 Sources of Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis in Plants 56528.3 Effects of Nitric Oxide on Plants Under Abiotic Stresses 56628.4 Role of Calcium Signaling During Abiotic Stresses 571References 57529 Iron, Zinc, and Copper Application in Overcoming Environmental Stress 582Titash Dutta, Nageswara Rao Reddy Neelapu, and Challa Surekha29.1 Introduction 58229.2 Iron 58629.3 Zinc 58729.4 Copper 58829.5 Conclusion 590References 59030 Role of Selenium and Manganese in Mitigating Oxidative Damages 597Saket Chandra and Aryadeep Roychoudhury30.1 Introduction 59730.2 Factors Augmenting Oxidative Stress 59930.3 Effects of Heavy Metals on Plants 60130.4 Role of Manganese (Mn) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60430.5 Role of Selenium (Se) in Controlling Oxidative Stress 60730.6 Role of Antioxidants in Counteracting ROS 60830.7 Role of Se in Re-establishing Cellular Structure and Function 60930.8 Conclusion 610Acknowledgment 611References 61131 Role of Silicon Transportation Through Aquaporin Genes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 622Ashwini Talakayala, Srinivas Ankanagari, and Mallikarjuna Garladinne31.1 Introduction 62231.2 Aquaporins 62331.3 Molecular Mechanism of Water and Si Transportation Through Aquaporins 62431.4 AQP Gating Influx/Outflux 62431.5 Si-induced AQP Trafficking 62731.6 Roles of Aquaporins in Plant–Water Relations Under Abiotic Stress 62731.7 Role of Silicon in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 62731.8 Si-mediated Drought Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62731.9 Si-mediated Salinity Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62831.10 Si-mediated Oxidative Tolerance Through Aquaporins 62931.11 Si Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway Under Biotic Stress 63031.12 Conclusion 630References 63032 Application of Nanoparticles in Overcoming Different Environmental Stresses 635Deepesh Bhatt, Megha D. Bhatt, Manoj Nath, Rachana Dudhat, Mayank Sharma, and Deepak Singh Bisht32.1 Introduction 63532.2 Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticles 63732.3 Mode of Synthesis of Nanoparticles 63832.4 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Stress Acclimation 63932.5 Types of Environmental Stresses 64632.6 Possible Protective Mechanism of Nanoparticles 64932.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 650References 650Index 655