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      Operator's Guide to Process Compressors

      AvRobert X. Perez

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2019

      2 592 kr

      Beställningsvara. Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar. Fri frakt över 249 kr.

      Fler format och utgåvor

      E-bok

      3 108 kr

      E-bok

      3 140 kr

      Beskrivning

      The perfect primer for anyone responsible for operating or maintaining process gas compressors.Gas compressors tend to be the largest, most costly, and most critical machines employed in chemical and gas transfer processes. Since they tend to have the greatest effect on the reliability of processes they power, compressors typically receive the most scrutiny of all the machinery among the general population of processing equipment. To prevent unwanted compressor failures from occurring, operators must be taught how their equipment should operate and how each installation is different from one another.The ultimate purpose of this book is to teach those who work in process settings more about gas compressors, so they can start up and operate them correctly and monitor their condition with more confidence. Some may regard compressor technology as too broad and complex a topic for operating personnel to fully understand, but the author has distilled this vast body of knowledge into some key, easy to understand lessons for the reader to study at his or her own pace.This groundbreaking new work is a must-have for any engineer, operator, or manager working with process compressors.The main goals of this book are to: Explain important theories and concepts about gases and compression processes with a minimum of mathematicsIdentify key compressor components and explain how they affect reliabilityExplain how centrifugal compressors, reciprocating compressors, and screw compressors function.Explain key operating factors that affect reliabilityIntroduce the reader to basic troubleshooting methodologiesIntroduce operators to proven field inspection techniquesImprove the confidence of personnel operating compressors by teaching them the basics of compressor theoryImprove compressor reliability plantwide by teaching operating and inspection best practicesImprove communication between operating and supporting plant personnel by providing a common vocabulary of compressor termsHelp processing plants avoid costly failures by teaching operators how to identify early compressor issues during field inspections

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2019-05-07
      • Mått:10 x 10 x 10 mm
      • Vikt:454 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Antal sidor:304
      • Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
      • ISBN:9781119580614

      Utforska kategorier

      • Maskinteknik och material inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Tillverkningsteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

      Mer om författaren

      Robert X. Perez is mechanical engineer with more than 40 years of rotating equipment experience in the petrochemical industry. He has worked in petroleum refineries, chemical facilities, and gas processing plants. Currently, he provides engineering consulting services and rotating equipment training. He earned a BSME degree from Texas A&M University at College Station, an MSME degree from the University of Texas at Austin and holds a Texas PE license. Mr. Perez has written numerous machinery reliability articles for magazines and conferences proceedings and has authored 4 books and coauthored 4 books related to machinery reliability. He resides in San Antonio, Texas.

      Innehållsförteckning

      • Preface xv1 Introduction to Gases 11.1 Ideal Gases 41.2 Properties of Gases 51.3 Temperature 51.4 Pressure 61.5 Gas Laws 71.6 Gas Mixtures 101.6.1 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 101.7 Molecular Weight of a Gas Mixture 111.8 Gas Density 131.9 Density of Mixtures 141.10 Heat of Compression 152 Commonly Used Compressor Flow Terms 192.1 Ideal Gas Law 202.1.1 Example of How to Convert from SCFM to ACFM 222.2 Visualizing Gas Flow 232.3 Compressibility Factor (Z) 252.4 Sizing Compressors 273 Compression Processes 313.1 Adiabatic Compression 333.2 Polytropic Compression 373.2.1 Polytropic Example #1 403.2.2 Polytropic Example 2 404 What Role the Compression Ratio Plays in Compressor Design and Selection 434.1 Compression Ratio versus Discharge Temperature 444.2 Design Temperature Margin 464.2.1 Design Trade-Offs 495 An Introduction to Compressor Operations 535.1 Compression Basics 535.2 Defining Gas Flow 555.3 Compressor Types 565.4 Multistaging 595.5 Key Reliability Indicators 606 Centrifugal Compressors 636.1 Centrifugal Compressor Piping Arrangements 666.2 Start-Up Configuration 686.3 Centrifugal Compressor Horsepower 686.4 Troubleshooting Tips 706.5 Centrifugal Compressor Start-Ups 716.6 Centrifugal Compressor Checklist 727 How Process Changes Affect Centrifugal Compressor Performance 757.1 Baseball Pitcher Analogy 757.2 How Gas Density Affects Horsepower 787.3 Theory versus Practice 808 How to Read a Centrifugal Compressor Performance Map 838.1 The Anatomy of a Compressor Map 858.1.1 Flow Axis (See Figures 8.2 and 8.3) 858.1.2 Head or Pressure Ratio Axis (See Figures 8.2 and 8.3) 868.1.3 Predicted Surge Line (See Figures 8.2 and 8.3) 868.1.4 Predicted Capacity Limit (Figures 8.2 and 8.3) 868.1.5 Surge Margin (See Figure 8.2) 878.1.6 Speed Lines (See Figures 8.2 and 8.3) 888.2 Design Conditions 889 Keeping Your Centrifugal Compressor Out of Harm’s Way 919.1 Compressor Operating Limits 939.2 Compressor Flow Limits 939.3 Critical Speeds 959.4 Horsepower Limits 969.5 Temperatures 9710 Troubleshooting Centrifugal Compressors in Process Services 10110.1 The Field Troubleshooting Process—Step by Step 10510.1.1 Step 1: Define the Problem 10510.1.2 Step 2: Collect All Pertinent Data 10510.1.3 Step 3: Analyze the Body of Data as a Whole 10610.1.4 Step 4: Act and Confirm 10610.2 The “Hourglass” Approach to Troubleshooting 10810.3 Thinking and Acting Globally 10910.4 Troubleshooting Matrix and Table 11010.5 Centrifugal Compressor Troubleshooting Example 11011 Reciprocating Compressors 11711.1 Reciprocating Compressor Installations 12411.1.1 How Process Conditions Affect Reciprocating Compressor Performance 12611.2 Reciprocating Compressor Start-Ups 12811.3 Reciprocating Compressor Checklist 12911.4 Criticality 13112 Troubleshooting Reciprocating Compressors in Process Services 13312.1 The Field Troubleshooting Process—Step by Step 13712.1.1 Step 1: Define the Problem 13712.1.2 Step 2: Collect All Pertinent Data 13712.1.3 Step 3: Analyze the Body of Data as a Whole 13812.1.4 Step 4: Act and Confirm 13812.1.5 Troubleshooting Matrix and Table 14012.1.6 Reciprocating Compressor Troubleshooting Example 14013 Screw Compressors 14713.1 Oil Injected Screw Compressors 15013.2 Screw Compressor Modulation 15113.3 Pressure Pulsation Issues 15213.3.1 Absorptive Type Dampeners 15413.3.2 Reactive Type Dampeners 15413.3.3 Combination Type (Reactive and Absorptive) 15413.3.4 Oil Contamination 15513.3.5 How Process Conditions Affect Screw Compressor Performance 15613.4 Troubleshooting Screw Compressors 15614 Compressor Start-Up Procedures 15914.1 Compressor Start-Up Risks 16014.2 Generic Start-Up Procedure 16214.3 Centrifugal Compressor Start-Ups 16514.4 Reciprocating Compressor Start-Ups 16714.5 Screw Compressor Start-Ups 17015 Compressor Trains: Drivers, Speed Modifiers, and Driven Machines 17315.1 Driven Process Machines 17415.1.1 Drivers 17515.1.1.1 AC Electric Motors 17615.1.2 Steam Turbines 17715.2 Gas Turbines 17815.2.1 Natural Gas Engines 17915.2.2 Speed Modifiers 18015.2.2.1 Gear Boxes 18015.3 Useful Gearbox Facts 18215.4 Combination Machines 18215.4.1 Turboexpanders 18216 Compressor Components 18516.1 Bearing Types 18516.2 Rolling Element Bearings 18716.3 Plain Bearings 18816.4 Compressor Bearings 18916.5 Modeling Fluid Film Bearings 19016.6 Thrust Loads 19216.7 Kingsbury Thrust Bearing 19316.8 Compressor Seals 19416.8.1 Labyrinth Seals 19416.8.2 Oil Film Seal 19416.8.3 Face Contact Wet Seals 19616.9 Seal Oil System 19716.10 Dry Gas Seals 19716.11 Seal Gas Quality and Control 19816.12 Reciprocating Compressors – Packing 19917 The Importance of Lubrication 20117.1 Lubrication Regimes 20317.2 Lubricating Oils 20617.3 Compressor Lubricating Oil Systems 20617.3.1 Lubrication Monitoring 20917.4 Oil Foaming 21017.4.1 Excessive Foam 21118 Inspection Ideas for Operators and Field Personnel 21318.1 Equipment Field Inspections 21318.1.1 Audible Inspections 21518.1.2 Visual Inspections 21618.1.3 Tactile Inspections 21718.1.4 Smell 21918.2 Tools Available to Quantify What You Have Detected 22018.2.1 Audible Inspection Methods 22018.2.1.1 Ultrasonic Gun 22018.2.1.2 Stethoscope 22018.2.1.3 Metal Rod 22018.3 Visual Inspection Methods 22118.3.1 Infrared or IR Gun 22118.4 IR Camera 22218.4.1 Strobe Light 22318.5 Inspection Methods Using Vibration and Temperature Measurement Equipment 22418.5.1 Vibration Meter with Accelerometer 22418.5.2 Temperature Measurement Equipment 22618.6 Generic Monitoring Guidelines 22719 Addressing Reciprocating Compressor Piping Vibration Problems: Design Ideas, Field Audit Tips, and Proven Solutions 22919.1 Piping Restraints 23219.2 Pipe Clamping Systems 23319.3 Guidelines 23319.4 Piping Assessment Steps 23519.4.1 First, Perform the Following Pre-Field Analysis Steps 23519.4.2 Next 23519.4.3 Problem Locations 23619.5 Attaching Pipe Clamps to Structural Members 23719.5.1 Installation Examples 24019.5.2 Here Are a Few More Pipe Clamp Tips 24020 Collecting and Assessing Piping Vibration 24320.1 Piping Analysis Steps 24520.2 Piping Vibration Examples 246Appendix A: Practice Problems Related to Chapters 1 Through 4 Topics 249Appendix B: Glossary of Compressor Technology Terms 261Index 273
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