JOE F. KHALIL, Associate Professor of Global Media and Communication, Northwestern University, Qatar. He is the co-author of Arab Television Industries, co-editor of Culture, Time and Publics in the Arab World, and has authored numerous other scholarly articles and book chapters. GHOLAM KHIABANY, Reader in Media and Communications, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He is the author of Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity and co-author of Blogistan, and Media, Democracy and Social Change. He is also co-editor of Liberalism in Neoliberal Times: Dimensions, Contradictions, Limits; and After Charlie Hebdo: Terror, Racism and Free Speech. TOURYA GUAAYBESS is a Professor at the European University Centre at the University of Lorraine. She is the author and editor of numerous books and publications on the political economy of media and journalism in the Arab world, including The Media in Arab Countries: From Development Theories to Cooperation Policies (Wiley, 2021). BILGE YESIL, Associate Professor of Media Culture, College of Staten Island; Doctoral Faculty of Middle Eastern Studies, The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Her research interest is in global communication and media. She is the author of Video Surveillance: Power and Privacy in Everyday Life and Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State.

• Notes on Contributors ixSeries Editors' Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixMedia and Culture in the Middle East: An Introduction 1Part I Theories, Ideologies, and Problematics 131 Orientalism and Culture 15Annabelle Sreberny2 Muslims, Art, and Invisible Modernities 23Nabil Echchaibi3 Development and Modernization in the Middle East 30Karin Gwinn Wilkins4 Hybridity as Dazzlement: Rethinking Fusion Through Joseph Tonda's Postcolonial Imperialism 37Marwan M. Kraidy5 "Arab" Cultural Studies: Phenomenology Being Digital, and Other Notes 45Tarik SabryPart II Politics, Gender, Minorities, and Class 536 Intellectuals, Modernities, and the Emerging Public Sphere 55Gholam Khiabany7 Feminisms and Feminist Movements in the Middle East 65Gül Aldikacti Marshall8 The State, the Media, and the Revival of Labor Activism in the Middle East 73Anne Alexander9 The Meaning and Purpose of "Minority Media" in the Middle East and North Africa 82Elizabeth MonierPart III Media Industries, Markets, and Technologies 9110 Media Policy in the MENA: The Political Impact of Media Confluence 93Tourya Guaaybess11 Journalism in MENA: Triumph and Tragedy in the Struggle to Speak Truth to Power 107Lawrence Pintak12 Purposes and Practices of MENA Television: Components of an Ever-evolving Medium 122Naomi Sakr13 Digital MENA: An Overview of Digital Infrastructure, Policies, and Media Practices in the Middle upload East and North Africa 134Carola Richter14 Documents, Archives, Absence: Current Challenges and Insights from Media Research in the Middle East and Beyond 147Hatim El-Hibri and Kaveh AskariPart IV (Mass) Media, Cultures, and Contexts 16315 Freedom of Expression and Media Challenges in the Mena Region: A Legal and Regulatory Perspective 165Joan Barata16 Arabic News Channels in the Middle East: Development and Transformation 178Yushi Chiba17 MENA Independent Media: Negotiating the Logics of Media Development Programs 191Yazan Badran18 Divergence or Convergence between Mainstream and Independent Journalism in Turkey?: The Coverage of Operation Peace Spring 205Ozan Asik19 Kurdish Cinema: Politics, Aesthetics, and Transnational Pathways 219Suncem Kocer20 Aesthetic Arabism: The Syrian Musalsal Beyond Borders 231Christa Salamandra21 The Dynamics of Advertising in MENA: An Empirical Model 245Ilhem Allagui22 Reconfigurations of Religiopolitical Traditions and Identities: Mediated Religion in the Arab Countries 261Ehab Galal23 Constructing a New Identity: Women's Work in the Iranian Broadcast Media 275Asemeh Ghasemi24 Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation 286Omar Sayfo25 Breaking Barriers: The Emergence of a Video Game Culture and Industry in the Arab World 300Vít Sisler, Lars de Wildt, and Samer AbbasPart V Alternative, Independent, and Social Media 31326 Taking Revolution Seriously: A Keywords Approach to Middle East Studies 315Omar Al-Ghazzi27 Alternative and Citizen Journalism(s) in the Middle East 326Marianna Ghiglia28 A Revolution of Smiles?: The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019-2020 Protests 340Ali Sonay29 Creating Emotional Echo-Chambers: Activism and Self-Expression on Social Media 352Hande Eslen-Ziya30 Mnemotechnics: Digital Epistemologies and the Techno-Politics of Archiving a Revolution 363Anthony Downey31 Media Technologies and Politics in Iran 382Mehdi Semati32 Reframing Jihadism: Deciphering the Identity, Politics, and Agenda of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in Northwest Syria 396Ines Khalifa Barnard and Charlie Winter33 Beyond the Arab Uprisings: Politics of Rap in the Middle East 414Stefano Barone34 Egyptian Graffiti: Collective Action and Institutionalization 427Mohammad Abdel Hamid35 Quiet Queer Activism in Repressive Contexts in the Middle East Through the Stories of Three Egyptian Women 440Shaimaa Magued36 Social Media and Fourth Wave Feminism in Morocco 453Naziha Houki, Alka Kurian, and Kenza Oumlil37 The Kurdish Media in the Middle East and Diaspora: Alternative Public and Participatory Spaces for a Non-State Nation 468Jiyar Aghapouri38 Arab American Media 479William Lafi Youmans39 Contemporary Arab Media and Cultural Landscape in Istanbul 492Franck MermierPart VI Perspectives 50340 Cultural Politics of the Diaspora 505Orit Ouaknine-Yekutieli and Yigal Nizri41 Dialectics of Resistance: Youth in the Middle East 513Joe F. Khalil42 Borders 520Helga Tawil-Souri43 Activism and Surveillance in the Middle East 526Bilge YesilIndex 535

JOE F. KHALIL, Associate Professor of Global Media and Communication, Northwestern University, Qatar. He is the co-author of Arab Television Industries, co-editor of Culture, Time and Publics in the Arab World, and has authored numerous other scholarly articles and book chapters. GHOLAM KHIABANY, Reader in Media and Communications, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He is the author of Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity and co-author of Blogistan, and Media, Democracy and Social Change. He is also co-editor of Liberalism in Neoliberal Times: Dimensions, Contradictions, Limits; and After Charlie Hebdo: Terror, Racism and Free Speech. TOURYA GUAAYBESS is a Professor at the European University Centre at the University of Lorraine. She is the author and editor of numerous books and publications on the political economy of media and journalism in the Arab world, including The Media in Arab Countries: From Development Theories to Cooperation Policies (Wiley, 2021). BILGE YESIL, Associate Professor of Media Culture, College of Staten Island; Doctoral Faculty of Middle Eastern Studies, The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Her research interest is in global communication and media. She is the author of Video Surveillance: Power and Privacy in Everyday Life and Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State.

• Notes on Contributors ixSeries Editors' Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixMedia and Culture in the Middle East: An Introduction 1Part I Theories, Ideologies, and Problematics 131 Orientalism and Culture 15Annabelle Sreberny2 Muslims, Art, and Invisible Modernities 23Nabil Echchaibi3 Development and Modernization in the Middle East 30Karin Gwinn Wilkins4 Hybridity as Dazzlement: Rethinking Fusion Through Joseph Tonda's Postcolonial Imperialism 37Marwan M. Kraidy5 "Arab" Cultural Studies: Phenomenology Being Digital, and Other Notes 45Tarik SabryPart II Politics, Gender, Minorities, and Class 536 Intellectuals, Modernities, and the Emerging Public Sphere 55Gholam Khiabany7 Feminisms and Feminist Movements in the Middle East 65Gül Aldikacti Marshall8 The State, the Media, and the Revival of Labor Activism in the Middle East 73Anne Alexander9 The Meaning and Purpose of "Minority Media" in the Middle East and North Africa 82Elizabeth MonierPart III Media Industries, Markets, and Technologies 9110 Media Policy in the MENA: The Political Impact of Media Confluence 93Tourya Guaaybess11 Journalism in MENA: Triumph and Tragedy in the Struggle to Speak Truth to Power 107Lawrence Pintak12 Purposes and Practices of MENA Television: Components of an Ever-evolving Medium 122Naomi Sakr13 Digital MENA: An Overview of Digital Infrastructure, Policies, and Media Practices in the Middle upload East and North Africa 134Carola Richter14 Documents, Archives, Absence: Current Challenges and Insights from Media Research in the Middle East and Beyond 147Hatim El-Hibri and Kaveh AskariPart IV (Mass) Media, Cultures, and Contexts 16315 Freedom of Expression and Media Challenges in the Mena Region: A Legal and Regulatory Perspective 165Joan Barata16 Arabic News Channels in the Middle East: Development and Transformation 178Yushi Chiba17 MENA Independent Media: Negotiating the Logics of Media Development Programs 191Yazan Badran18 Divergence or Convergence between Mainstream and Independent Journalism in Turkey?: The Coverage of Operation Peace Spring 205Ozan Asik19 Kurdish Cinema: Politics, Aesthetics, and Transnational Pathways 219Suncem Kocer20 Aesthetic Arabism: The Syrian Musalsal Beyond Borders 231Christa Salamandra21 The Dynamics of Advertising in MENA: An Empirical Model 245Ilhem Allagui22 Reconfigurations of Religiopolitical Traditions and Identities: Mediated Religion in the Arab Countries 261Ehab Galal23 Constructing a New Identity: Women's Work in the Iranian Broadcast Media 275Asemeh Ghasemi24 Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation 286Omar Sayfo25 Breaking Barriers: The Emergence of a Video Game Culture and Industry in the Arab World 300Vít Sisler, Lars de Wildt, and Samer AbbasPart V Alternative, Independent, and Social Media 31326 Taking Revolution Seriously: A Keywords Approach to Middle East Studies 315Omar Al-Ghazzi27 Alternative and Citizen Journalism(s) in the Middle East 326Marianna Ghiglia28 A Revolution of Smiles?: The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019-2020 Protests 340Ali Sonay29 Creating Emotional Echo-Chambers: Activism and Self-Expression on Social Media 352Hande Eslen-Ziya30 Mnemotechnics: Digital Epistemologies and the Techno-Politics of Archiving a Revolution 363Anthony Downey31 Media Technologies and Politics in Iran 382Mehdi Semati32 Reframing Jihadism: Deciphering the Identity, Politics, and Agenda of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in Northwest Syria 396Ines Khalifa Barnard and Charlie Winter33 Beyond the Arab Uprisings: Politics of Rap in the Middle East 414Stefano Barone34 Egyptian Graffiti: Collective Action and Institutionalization 427Mohammad Abdel Hamid35 Quiet Queer Activism in Repressive Contexts in the Middle East Through the Stories of Three Egyptian Women 440Shaimaa Magued36 Social Media and Fourth Wave Feminism in Morocco 453Naziha Houki, Alka Kurian, and Kenza Oumlil37 The Kurdish Media in the Middle East and Diaspora: Alternative Public and Participatory Spaces for a Non-State Nation 468Jiyar Aghapouri38 Arab American Media 479William Lafi Youmans39 Contemporary Arab Media and Cultural Landscape in Istanbul 492Franck MermierPart VI Perspectives 50340 Cultural Politics of the Diaspora 505Orit Ouaknine-Yekutieli and Yigal Nizri41 Dialectics of Resistance: Youth in the Middle East 513Joe F. Khalil42 Borders 520Helga Tawil-Souri43 Activism and Surveillance in the Middle East 526Bilge YesilIndex 535

JOE F. KHALIL, Associate Professor of Global Media and Communication, Northwestern University, Qatar. He is the co-author of Arab Television Industries, co-editor of Culture, Time and Publics in the Arab World, and has authored numerous other scholarly articles and book chapters. GHOLAM KHIABANY, Reader in Media and Communications, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK. He is the author of Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity and co-author of Blogistan, and Media, Democracy and Social Change. He is also co-editor of Liberalism in Neoliberal Times: Dimensions, Contradictions, Limits; and After Charlie Hebdo: Terror, Racism and Free Speech. TOURYA GUAAYBESS is a Professor at the European University Centre at the University of Lorraine. She is the author and editor of numerous books and publications on the political economy of media and journalism in the Arab world, including The Media in Arab Countries: From Development Theories to Cooperation Policies (Wiley, 2021). BILGE YESIL, Associate Professor of Media Culture, College of Staten Island; Doctoral Faculty of Middle Eastern Studies, The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Her research interest is in global communication and media. She is the author of Video Surveillance: Power and Privacy in Everyday Life and Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State.

• Notes on Contributors ixSeries Editors' Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixMedia and Culture in the Middle East: An Introduction 1Part I Theories, Ideologies, and Problematics 131 Orientalism and Culture 15Annabelle Sreberny2 Muslims, Art, and Invisible Modernities 23Nabil Echchaibi3 Development and Modernization in the Middle East 30Karin Gwinn Wilkins4 Hybridity as Dazzlement: Rethinking Fusion Through Joseph Tonda's Postcolonial Imperialism 37Marwan M. Kraidy5 "Arab" Cultural Studies: Phenomenology Being Digital, and Other Notes 45Tarik SabryPart II Politics, Gender, Minorities, and Class 536 Intellectuals, Modernities, and the Emerging Public Sphere 55Gholam Khiabany7 Feminisms and Feminist Movements in the Middle East 65Gül Aldikacti Marshall8 The State, the Media, and the Revival of Labor Activism in the Middle East 73Anne Alexander9 The Meaning and Purpose of "Minority Media" in the Middle East and North Africa 82Elizabeth MonierPart III Media Industries, Markets, and Technologies 9110 Media Policy in the MENA: The Political Impact of Media Confluence 93Tourya Guaaybess11 Journalism in MENA: Triumph and Tragedy in the Struggle to Speak Truth to Power 107Lawrence Pintak12 Purposes and Practices of MENA Television: Components of an Ever-evolving Medium 122Naomi Sakr13 Digital MENA: An Overview of Digital Infrastructure, Policies, and Media Practices in the Middle upload East and North Africa 134Carola Richter14 Documents, Archives, Absence: Current Challenges and Insights from Media Research in the Middle East and Beyond 147Hatim El-Hibri and Kaveh AskariPart IV (Mass) Media, Cultures, and Contexts 16315 Freedom of Expression and Media Challenges in the Mena Region: A Legal and Regulatory Perspective 165Joan Barata16 Arabic News Channels in the Middle East: Development and Transformation 178Yushi Chiba17 MENA Independent Media: Negotiating the Logics of Media Development Programs 191Yazan Badran18 Divergence or Convergence between Mainstream and Independent Journalism in Turkey?: The Coverage of Operation Peace Spring 205Ozan Asik19 Kurdish Cinema: Politics, Aesthetics, and Transnational Pathways 219Suncem Kocer20 Aesthetic Arabism: The Syrian Musalsal Beyond Borders 231Christa Salamandra21 The Dynamics of Advertising in MENA: An Empirical Model 245Ilhem Allagui22 Reconfigurations of Religiopolitical Traditions and Identities: Mediated Religion in the Arab Countries 261Ehab Galal23 Constructing a New Identity: Women's Work in the Iranian Broadcast Media 275Asemeh Ghasemi24 Mediations of Political Identities in Arab Animation 286Omar Sayfo25 Breaking Barriers: The Emergence of a Video Game Culture and Industry in the Arab World 300Vít Sisler, Lars de Wildt, and Samer AbbasPart V Alternative, Independent, and Social Media 31326 Taking Revolution Seriously: A Keywords Approach to Middle East Studies 315Omar Al-Ghazzi27 Alternative and Citizen Journalism(s) in the Middle East 326Marianna Ghiglia28 A Revolution of Smiles?: The Function of Humor in Algerian Media During the 2019-2020 Protests 340Ali Sonay29 Creating Emotional Echo-Chambers: Activism and Self-Expression on Social Media 352Hande Eslen-Ziya30 Mnemotechnics: Digital Epistemologies and the Techno-Politics of Archiving a Revolution 363Anthony Downey31 Media Technologies and Politics in Iran 382Mehdi Semati32 Reframing Jihadism: Deciphering the Identity, Politics, and Agenda of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in Northwest Syria 396Ines Khalifa Barnard and Charlie Winter33 Beyond the Arab Uprisings: Politics of Rap in the Middle East 414Stefano Barone34 Egyptian Graffiti: Collective Action and Institutionalization 427Mohammad Abdel Hamid35 Quiet Queer Activism in Repressive Contexts in the Middle East Through the Stories of Three Egyptian Women 440Shaimaa Magued36 Social Media and Fourth Wave Feminism in Morocco 453Naziha Houki, Alka Kurian, and Kenza Oumlil37 The Kurdish Media in the Middle East and Diaspora: Alternative Public and Participatory Spaces for a Non-State Nation 468Jiyar Aghapouri38 Arab American Media 479William Lafi Youmans39 Contemporary Arab Media and Cultural Landscape in Istanbul 492Franck MermierPart VI Perspectives 50340 Cultural Politics of the Diaspora 505Orit Ouaknine-Yekutieli and Yigal Nizri41 Dialectics of Resistance: Youth in the Middle East 513Joe F. Khalil42 Borders 520Helga Tawil-Souri43 Activism and Surveillance in the Middle East 526Bilge YesilIndex 535