Bioprospecting of Plant Biodiversity for Industrial Molecules

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has been working in the field of plant biotechnology for more than 14 years. His current research focuses on functional genomics.Sudhir P. Singh, Scientist, Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India. He has been working in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology for more than a decade. His current research is focused on gene mining and biocatalyst engineering for the development of approaches for transformation of agro-industrial residues and under- or un-utilized side-stream biomass into value-added bio-products.

• List of Contributors xvPreface xxiAbout the Editors xxiiiAcknowledgments xxv1 An Introduction to Plant Biodiversity and Bioprospecting 1Ramya Krishnan, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay1.1 Introduction 11.2 What is Bioprospecting 11.2.1 Chemical Prospecting 31.2.2 Gene Prospecting 31.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 41.3 Significance of Plants in Bioprospecting 41.4 Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting 51.5 Recent Trends in Bioprospecting 61.6 Omics for Bioprospecting and in silico Bioprospecting 71.7 An Insight into the Book 8References 102 Entomotoxic Proteins from Plant Biodiversity to Control the Crop Insect Pests 15Surjeet Kumar Arya, Shatrughan Shiva, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay2.1 Introduction 152.2 Lectins 162.3 Proteinase Inhibitors 212.4 α-Amylase Inhibitors 242.5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) 272.6 Arcelins 302.7 Defensins 322.8 Cyclotides 322.9 Canatoxin-Like Proteins 332.10 Ureases and Urease-Derived Encrypted Peptides 332.11 Chitinases 362.12 Proteases 362.13 Conclusions 37References 373 Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds for Industrial and Medical Applications: Current Scenario and Bottleneck 53Sameer Dixit, Akanchha Shukla, Vinayak Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay3.1 Introduction 533.2 Why Bioprospecting Is Important 543.3 Major Sites for Bioprospecting 543.4 Pipeline of Bioprospecting 553.5 Biopiracy: An Unethical Bioprospecting 553.6 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Agriculture Industry 563.7 Bioprospecting Derived Products for Bioremediation 573.8 Bioprospecting for Nanoparticles Development 593.9 Bioprospecting Derived Products in Pharmaceutical Industry 603.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63Acknowledgments 64References 644 Role of Plants in Phytoremediation of Industrial Waste 73Pankaj Srivastava and Nishita Giri4.1 Introduction 734.2 Different Toxic Materials from Industries 754.2.1 Fly Ash from Thermal Power Plants 754.2.2 Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Environment 754.2.2.1 Cadmium 754.2.2.2 Arsenic 764.2.2.3 Chromium 764.2.2.4 Pesticide in Environment 764.2.3 Phytoremediation Technology in Present Scenario 774.2.4 Conclusion 80References 815 Ecological Restoration and Plant Biodiversity 91Shalini Tiwari and Puneet Singh Chauhan5.1 Introduction 915.2 Major Areas of Bioprospecting 925.2.1 Chemical/Biochemical Prospecting 925.2.2 Gene/Genetic Prospecting 925.2.3 Bionic Prospecting 935.3 Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity 935.4 Conservation and Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Utilization of Resources 945.5 Biodiversity Development Agreements 955.6 Conclusions 96References 966 Endophyte Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries 99Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo and Fabrice Fekam Boyom6.1 Introduction 996.2 The Rationale for Bioprospecting Endophytes for Novel Industrial Enzymes 1006.3 Endophytes as a Source of Industrial Enzymes 1016.3.1 Amylases 1046.3.2 Asparaginase 1056.3.3 Cellulases 1076.3.4 Chitinases 1096.3.5 Laccases 1106.3.6 Lipases 1116.3.7 Proteases 1136.3.8 Xylanases 1156.3.9 Other Enzymes Produced by Endophytes 1166.3.9.1 AHL-Lactonase 1166.3.9.2 Agarase 1166.3.9.3 Chromate Reductase 1166.3.9.4 β-Mannanase 1176.4 Overview of the Methods Used to Investigate Endophytes as Sources of Enzymes 1176.5 Strategies Applied to Improve the Production of Enzymes by Endophytes 1186.6 Conclusion 119Acknowledgements 122References 1227 Resource Recovery from the Abundant Agri-biomass 131Shilpi Bansal, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, and Sudhir P. Singh7.1 Introduction 1317.2 Potential of Agri-biomass to Produce Different Products 1337.2.1 Conversion of Agri-biomass into Valuable Chemicals 1337.2.2 Energy Production Using Agri-biomass 1347.2.3 Role of Agri-biomass in Heavy Metal Decontamination 1357.2.4 Manufacturing of Lightweight Materials 1377.3 Case Studies 1387.3.1 Utilization of Paddy Waste 1387.3.2 Utilization of Mustard Waste 1407.3.3 Utilization of Maize Waste 1407.3.4 Utilization of Horticulture Waste 1427.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 144References 1448 Antimicrobial Products from Plant Biodiversity 153Pankaj Kumar Verma, Shikha Verma, Nalini Pandey, and Debasis Chakrabarty8.1 Introduction 1538.2 Use of Plant Products as Antimicrobials: Historical Perspective 1548.3 Major Groups of Plants-Derived Antimicrobial Compound 1568.3.1 Simple Phenols and Phenolic Acids 1568.3.1.1 Flavonoids 1568.3.1.2 Quinones 1608.3.1.3 Tannins 1608.3.1.4 Coumarins 1618.3.2 Terpenes and Essential Oils 1628.3.3 Alkaloids 1638.4 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 1638.4.1 Plant Extracts with Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 1648.4.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity 1648.4.3 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 1658.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 165References 1669 Functional Plants as Natural Sources of Dietary Antioxidants 175Ao Shang, Jia-Hui Li, Xiao-Yu Xu, Ren-You Gan, Min Luo, and Hua-Bin Li9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity 1769.3 Antioxidant Activity of Functional Plants 1769.3.1 Vegetables 1769.3.2 Fruits 1779.3.3 Medicinal Plants 1819.3.4 Cereal Grains 1819.3.5 Flowers 1819.3.6 Microalgae 1819.3.7 Teas 1829.4 Applications of Plant Antioxidants 1829.4.1 Food Additives 1829.4.2 Dietary Supplements 1839.5 Conclusions 183References 18410 Biodiversity and Importance of Plant Bioprospecting in Cosmetics 189K. Sri Manjari, Debarati Chakraborty, Aakanksha Kumar, and Sakshi Singh10.1 Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, and Cosmetics – A Harmony of Triad 18910.2 The Fury of Synthetic Chemicals in Cosmetics on Health 19110.3 India’s Biodiversity and Its Traditional Knowledge/Medicine in Cosmetics 19110.3.1 Herbal Cosmetics 19410.4 Use of Plant-Based Products in the Cosmetic Industry 19410.5 Green Cosmetics – Significance and Current Status of the Global Market 19610.5.1 Sustainable Development Goals (Economic, Ecological Benefits) in Cosmetic Industry – How Bioprospecting and Green Cosmetics Can Help? 19910.6 Ethical and Legal Implications of Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 20010.6.1 International Laws Regulating Bioprospecting 20110.6.2 Indian Law Regulating Bioprospecting 20210.6.3 Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) 20210.6.4 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 20310.6.5 Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC) 20310.7 Laws Regulating Cosmetics 20310.8 Role of Biotechnology in Bioprospecting and Cosmetics 204References 20511 Therapeutic Lead Secondary Metabolites Production Using Plant In Vitro Cultures 211Vikas Srivastava, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Skalzang Lhamo, Sonal Mishra, and Shakti Mehrotra11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Secondary Metabolites and Pharmaceutical Significance 21211.3 Plant In Vitro Cultures and Strategies for Secondary Metabolite Production 21411.3.1 Precursor Feeding 21411.3.2 Metabolic Engineering 21511.3.3 Elicitation 21611.3.4 Bioreactor Up-scaling 21611.4 Exemplification of the Utilization of Different Types of Plant In Vitro Cultures for SMs Production 21711.4.1 Shoot Culture 21711.4.2 Adventitious Root Culture 22011.4.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 22011.4.4 Hairy Root Cultures 22111.5 Conclusion 221References 22212 Plant Diversity and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Spices and Condiments 231Thakku R. Ramkumar and Subbiah Karuppusamy12.1 Introduction 23112.2 Habitat and Diversity of Major Spices and Condiments in India 23212.3 Ethnobotanical Context of Spices and Condiments in India 24112.4 Major Spices and Condiments in India 24312.4.1 Black Pepper 24312.4.2 Capsicums 24312.4.3 Cinnamomum 24412.4.4 Coriander 24412.4.5 Cumin 24412.4.6 Cardamom 24512.4.7 Fennel 24512.4.8 Ginger 24512.4.9 Mustard Seed 24612.4.10 Nutmeg 24612.4.11 Saffron 24612.4.12 Turmeric 24612.4.13 Vanilla 24712.5 Importance of Indian Spices 24712.6 Spice Plantation and Cultivation in India 24912.7 Cultivation Technology of Caper Bud in India 25012.8 Export of Indian Spices 25112.9 Conservation Efforts Against Selected Uncultivated Wild Spices and Condiments 25412.10 Institutions and Organization Dedicated for Research and Development in Spices and Condiments in India 25412.11 Recent Researches on Spices and Condiments 25512.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 256Acknowledgments 256Authors’ Contribution 256References 25713 Plants as Source of Essential Oils and Perfumery Applications 261Monica Butnariu13.1 Background 26113.2 Biochemistry of Essential Oils 26213.2.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Essential Oils 26213.2.2 The Role of Terpenes in Plants 26313.2.3 The Prevalence Essential Oils in Plants 26413.2.4 Paths of Biosynthesis of Volatile Compounds in Plants 26513.2.4.1 Metabolic Cycles Involved in the Biosynthesis of Different Groups of Secondary Metabolites 26513.2.4.2 Metabolic Cycles of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 26613.3 The Metabolism Terpenes 26913.3.1 Metabolic Cycle of Mevalonic Acid Biosynthesis 27113.3.2 Metabolic Cycle of Methylerythritol Phosphate Biosynthesis 27213.4 The Role of Essential Oils and the Specificity of Their Accumulation in Plants 27213.5 Essential Oils from Plants in Perfume 28113.5.1 Linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), C10H18O 28613.5.2 Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-one), C10H16O 28613.5.3 Cedrol (1S, 2R, 5S, 7R, 8R)-(2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo [5.3.1.01,5] undecan-8-ol or cedran-8-ol), C15H26O 28613.5.4 Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-allylphenol; 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), C10H12O2 28713.5.5 Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al), C10H16O 28713.5.6 Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) C8H8O3 28713.5.7 Syringe Aldehyde (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde) C9H10O4 28813.6 Conclusions and Remarks 289References 29014 Bioprospection of Plants for Essential Mineral Micronutrients 293Nikita Bisht and Puneet Singh Chauhan14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Plants as a Source of Mineral Micronutrients 29314.3 Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plants 29414.3.1 Bioavailability of Fe and Zn 29414.3.2 Impact of Food Processing on Micronutrient Bioavailability from Plant Foods 29514.4 Manipulating Plant Micronutrients 29614.4.1 Improving Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods 29614.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Micronutrients in Crop Plants 29714.5 Microbes in the Biofortification of Micronutrients in Crops 29814.6 Conclusions 299References 29915 Algal Biomass: A Natural Resource of High-Value Biomolecules 303Dinesh Kumar Yadav, Ananya Singh, Variyata Agrawal, and Neelam Yadav15.1 Introduction 30315.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration 30415.3 Algae in High-Value Biomolecules Production 30615.3.1 Proteins, Peptides, and Amino Acids 31015.3.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 31115.3.3 Polysaccharides 31215.3.4 Pigments 31315.3.4.1 Chlorophylls 31315.3.4.2 Carotenoids 31415.3.4.3 Phycobilliproteins (PBPs) 31515.3.5 Vitamins 31615.3.6 Polyphenols 31615.3.7 Phytosterols 31715.3.8 Phytohormones 31815.3.9 Minerals 31815.4 Algae in Biofuel Production/Generation 31915.4.1 Thermochemical Conversion 31915.4.2 Chemical Conversion by Transesterification 32115.4.3 Biochemical Conversion 32215.4.4 Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 32415.5 Algae in Additional Applications 32515.5.1 Algae as Livestock Feed and Nutrition 32515.5.2 Algae as Feed in Aquaculture 32615.5.3 Algae as Bio-Fertilizer 32615.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 326References 32716 Plant Bioprospecting for Biopesticides and Bioinsecticides 335Aradhana Lucky Hans and Sangeeta Saxena16.1 Introduction 33516.2 Current Scenario in India 33616.3 Plants-Based Active Compounds 33716.3.1 Azadirachtin 33716.3.2 Pyrethrins 33816.3.3 Rotenone 33816.3.4 Sabadilla 33916.3.5 Ryania 33916.3.6 Nicotine 33916.3.7 Acetogenins 33916.3.8 Capsaicinoids 33916.3.9 Essential Oils 34016.4 Advantages and Future Prospects of Bioinsecticides 34016.5 Conclusions 342Acknowledgment 343References 34317 Plant Biomass to Bioenergy 345Mrinalini Srivastava and Debasis Chakrabarty17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Plant Biomass 34617.2.1 Types of Biomass (Source: [17]) 34717.3 Bioenergy 34717.4 Biomass Conversion into Bioenergy 34817.4.1 Cogeneration 34917.5 The Concept of Biomass Energy (Source: [27]) 34917.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion 34917.5.1.1 Direct Combustion 34917.5.1.2 Pyrolysis 34917.5.1.3 Gasification 34917.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 35017.5.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 35017.5.2.2 Alcohol Fermentation 35017.5.2.3 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 35017.6 Use of Biofuel in Transportation 35017.7 Production of Biogas and Biomethane from Biomass 35017.8 Generation of Biofuel 35117.8.1 Bioethanol 35117.8.2 Biodiesel 35217.9 Advanced Technologies in the Area of Bioenergy 35217.10 Conclusion 353Acknowledgment 354References 35418 Bioenergy Crops as an Alternate Energy Resource 357Garima Pathak and Shivanand Suresh Dudhagi18.1 Introduction 35718.2 Classification of Bioenergy Crops 35818.2.1 First-Generation Bioenergy Crops 35818.2.1.1 Sugarcane 35918.2.1.2 Corn 35918.2.1.3 Sweet Sorghum 35918.2.1.4 Oil Crops 36018.2.2 Second-Generation Bioenergy Crops 36018.2.2.1 Switchgrass 36018.2.2.2 Miscanthus 36118.2.2.3 Alfalfa 36118.2.2.4 Reed Canary Grass 36118.2.2.5 Other Plants 36118.2.3 Third-Generation Bioenergy Crops 36218.2.3.1 Boreal Plants 36218.2.3.2 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Plants 36218.2.3.3 Eucalyptus 36218.2.3.4 Agave 36218.2.3.5 Microalgae 36318.2.4 Dedicated Bioenergy Crops 36318.2.5 Halophytes 36318.3 Characteristics of Bioenergy Crops 36418.3.1 Physiological and Ecological Traits 36418.3.2 Agronomic and Metabolic Traits 36418.3.3 Biochemical Composition and Caloric Content 36518.4 Genetic Improvement of Bioenergy Crops 36518.5 Environmental Impacts of Bioenergy Crops 36618.5.1 Soil Quality 36618.5.2 Water and Minerals 36718.5.3 Carbon Sequestration 36718.5.4 Phytoremediation 36718.5.5 Biodiversity 36818.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect 369References 36919 Marine Bioprospecting: Seaweeds for Industrial Molecules 377Achintya Kumar Dolui19.1 Introduction 37719.2 Seaweeds as Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 37819.3 Seaweeds in the Alleviation of Lifestyle Disorders 38019.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Seaweeds 38119.5 Seaweed Is a Source of Anticoagulant Agent 38119.6 Anticancer Property of Seaweed 38219.7 Seaweeds as Antiviral Drugs and Mosquitocides 38419.8 Use of Seaweeds in the Cosmeceutical Industry 38519.9 Use of Seaweed as Contraceptive Agents 38619.10 Extraction of Active Ingredients from Seaweed 38819.10.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 38819.10.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) 38919.10.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) 38919.10.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) and EMEA 39019.11 Market Potential of Seaweeds 39019.12 Conclusion 391References 39120 Bioprospection of Orchids and Appraisal of Their Therapeutic Indications 401Devina Ghai, Jagdeep Verma, Arshpreet Kaur, Kranti Thakur, Sandip V. Pawar, and Jaspreet K. Sembi20.1 Introduction 40120.2 Orchids as a Bioprospecting Resource 40220.3 Orchids as Curatives in Traditional India 40320.4 Therapeutics Indications of Orchids in Asian Region 40320.5 Evidences of Medicinal Uses of Orchids in Ethnic African Groups 40420.6 Orchids as a Source of Restoratives in Europe 40520.7 Remedial Uses of Orchids in American and Australian Cultures 40520.8 Scientific Appraisal of Therapeutic Indications of Orchids 40620.8.1 Orchids as Potent Anticancer Agents 40620.8.2 Immunomodulatory Activity in Orchids 41220.8.3 Orchids and Their Antioxidant Potential 41220.8.4 Antimicrobial Studies in Orchids 41220.8.5 Orchids and Anti-inflammatory Activity 41320.8.6 Antidiabetic Prospects in Orchids 41320.8.7 Other Analeptic Properties in Orchids 41420.9 Conclusions 414Acknowledgments 415References 415Index 425