Aquatic Environmental Bioengineering

Rouf Ahmad Bhat is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.Mohammad Yaseen Mir is a Teacher at the Department of School Education, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Gowhar Hamid Dar is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Moonisa Aslam Dervash is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

• Preface xiAbout the Authors xii1 Emerging Pollutants Remediation Water Systems: Biomass-Based Technologies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Adsorption-Based Remediation 31.2.1 Biomass 31.2.2 Terrestrial and Marine Bioresources 31.2.3 Agro-Industrial Wastes 31.2.4 Activated Carbons (ACs) 41.2.5 Bioresources 41.2.6 Agro-Industrial Wastes 41.2.7 Activated Sludge (AS) 41.3 Bioremediation 41.3.1 Phytoremediation 41.3.2 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) 51.3.3 Microbial Remediation 51.3.4 Biocoagulants and Bioflocculants 51.4 Multi-Element Water Treatment Process 11.4.1 Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs): Biodegradation and Membrane Filtration 61.4.2 Activated Carbon and Ozone 71.5 Views and Recommendations 71.6 Conclusion 72 Genetic Engineering for Metal Tolerance and Accumulation 122.1 Introduction 122.2 Mechanisms of Metal Uptake and their Transport in Plants 142.2.1 Heavy Metals Tolerance (Mechanism) in Plants 152.2.2 Mechanisms of Avoidance in Plants 152.2.3 Binding of Metal to the Cell Wall 162.2.4 Mechanisms of Tolerance in Plants 162.3 Phytoremediation Using Genetic Engineering Stress-Tolerant Plants 182.3.1 Selenium Accumulation by Plants 202.3.2 Genetics of Plants Selenium Accumulation 212.3.3 Proteins for Metal Accumulation 242.4 Genetically Modified Plants Against Uptake, Tolerance and Detoxification of Heavy Metals 242.5 Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Mechanisms in Plants 262.5.1 Immobilization 272.5.2 Chelation Using Organic Acids and Amino Acids 272.5.3 Stress Peptide Synthesis 272.5.4 Cd Transporters 282.5.5 Genetic Analysis of Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation in Plants 282.6 Heavy Metal ATPases (HMA) 303 Transgenic Approaches for Field Testing and Risk Assessment 423.1 Introduction 423.2 Transgenic Plants for Environmental Remediation 433.3 Degradation Pathways in Plants 443.4 Cytochrome P450s for Environmental Perspectives 443.5 Transgenic Plants for the Rhizoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics 453.6 Transgenic Plants to be Developed for the Phytoremediation of Some Other Priority Pollutants 463.7 Potential Genes for Phytoremediation 473.8 Hitting Transgenics to the Assessment: Plant Bioremediation 493.9 Potential Risks 503.9.1 Risk Assessment Theories and Practices 503.9.2 Contests Aimed at Multifaceted Risk Valuation 513.10 Future Research Guidelines 514 Role of RS and GIS in Water Quality Monitoring and Remediation 594.1 Introduction 594.2 Scope of RS and GIS in Water Monitoring 604.3 Assessment of Certain Impurities in Water With the Aid of RS and GIS 614.3.1 Suspended Load 614.3.2 Phytoplankton 624.3.3 Turbidity 624.4 Benefits of RS in Assessment of Water Quality 634.4.1 Soil Moisture Mapping for Floods and Droughts 634.4.2 Spatially Distributed Crop Water Use Estimation 644.4.3 Surface Water Quality Monitoring and Remediation 644.4.4 Groundwater Quality Monitoring and Remediation 654.5 Future Prospectus of RS and GIS Applications in Water Quality Studies 665 Advancement on Bioaugmentation: Strategies for Processing Industry Wastewater 715.1 Introduction 715.2 Present Disposal Techniques and their Limitations 735.3 Bioaugmentation as an Emerging Strategy 735.3.1 Bioaugmentation Principle 755.3.2 Cell Bioaugmentation 755.3.3 Biological Augmentation as a Tool for Improving the Wastewater Treatment Efficiency 755.3.4 Role of Bioaugmentation in Removing Recalcitrant Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater 765.4 Bioaugmentation Applications 765.4.1 Removal of Compounds 765.4.2 Removal of Lignin 775.4.3 Pyridine and Quinoline 775.4.4 Cyanides 785.4.5 Nicotine 785.5 Bioaugmentation Technologies and their Limitations 785.5.1 Grazing of Protozoans 795.5.2 Inoculum Size 795.5.3 Bacteriophage Infection 795.6 Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of Bioaugmentation 805.6.1 Immobilizing the Cells in Bioaugmentation 805.6.2 Quorum Sensing 805.6.3 Gene Transfer and Genetically Modified Microorganisms 815.7 Bioaugmentation and Nanotechnology 815.8 Future Prospects 825.9 Conclusion 826 Photocatalysis in Relation to Water Remediation 896.1 Introduction 896.2 Characteristics of Material 936.2.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis 936.2.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 946.3 Consequence of Ultra Violet/Titanium Dioxide/Hydrogen Peroxide 956.3.1 Chlorophenol 956.3.2 2, 4-Dichlorophenol 956.3.3 2, 4, 6- Trichlorophenol 966.4 Obstacles for Applicability 976.4.1 Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 976.4.2 Photocatalytic Reactor Design and System Evaluation 976.5 Strategies for Improving Research Outcomes 987 Biochemical Systems: Cathode Advanced Wastewater Treatment 1037.1 Introduction 1037.2 Cathodic Catalysis in BES and Implications for Catalyst Design 1047.2.1 Cathodic Catalysis Characteristic in BES 1047.2.2 Operation Environment 1057.2.3 Wastewater Electrolyte 1057.2.4 Cathode Over Potential and Catalysis in BES 1067.2.5 Photo-Aided Cathodic Catalysis 1067.3 Wastewater Treatment 1077.3.1 Highly Biodegradable Wastewater 1077.3.2 Complex/Low Biodegradable Wastewater 1077.3.3 Integrated Process for Additional Treatment 1087.4 Current Bottlenecks and Challenges for BES 1087.5 Future Directions 1118 Nanotechnology: Environmental Sustainable Solutions for Wastewater Treatment 1168.1 Introduction 1168.2 Water Nanotechnology 1188.2.1 Adsorption and Separation 1188.2.2 Catalysis 1188.2.3 Disinfection 1198.2.4 Sensing 1198.2.5 Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents 1198.2.6 Metal-Based Nanoadsorbents 1208.2.7 Polymer-Based Nanoadsorbents 1218.3 Zeolites 1218.4 Magnetic Nanocomposites 1228.5 Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) 1228.6 Biosorbents 1238.7 Treatment of Wastewater by Means of Membrane-based Techniques 1248.8 Nanoparticles for Microbial Control and Disinfection 1258.9 Antimicrobial Action of Nanoparticles 1268.10 Potential Applications in Wastewater Treatment 1278.11 Benefits of Nano-Biotechnology-Based Applications for Water Sustainability 1278.12 Challenges and Future Outlook 1289 Biotechnology Intercession in Phytoremediation 1389.1 Introduction 1389.2 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 1389.3 Qualitative Phytoremediators 1419.4 Biotechnology in Plant Mediated Remediation for Contaminants 1419.5 Toxic Metals (TMs) 1419.5.1 Arsenic (As) 1429.5.2 Mercury (Hg) 1439.5.3 Organic Pollutants (OPs) 1439.5.4 Pesticides 1449.5.5 Oil Spills (OSs) 1449.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 14510 Biofilms in Remediation: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 15010.1 Introduction 15010.2 Different Methods for Culturing Biofilms In Vitro 15210.2.1 Static Microtiter Plate Assays 15210.2.2 Tube Biofilms 15210.2.3 Colony Biofilms 15210.2.4 Biofilm Growth on Peg Lids 15310.2.5 Rotating Disk and Concentric Cylinder Reactors 15310.5 Methods for Characterization of Biofilms 15410.5.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) 15410.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 15510.5.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 15510.5.4 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 15510.5.5 X-ray Spectroscopy 15510.5.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 15510.6 Biofilm-Based Bioremediation 15610.7 Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms in Lakes 15810.8 Conclusion 15911 Graphene-Based Absorbents for Wastewater Treatment 16411.1 Introduction 16411.2 Graphene-Based Materials 16511.3 Graphene–Polymer Composites 16511.4 Applications of Graphene as an Adsorbent in Water Remediation 17011.4.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 17111.4.2 Phenolic Compounds 17211.4.3 Pharmaceutical Compounds 17311.4.4 Pesticides 17311.4.5 Dyes 17411.5 Future Scope 17512 Sewage Sludge: Use in Agriculture Practices 18112.1 Introduction 18112.2 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge 1812.3 Activation of Sewage Sludge 18312.4 Disposal of Sludge to Land 18412.5 The Effect of Sludge Application on Soil Properties 18512.5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties 18512.5.2 Microbial Parameters of Soil 18812.5.3 Concentration of Nutrients and the Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Soil 19112.6 Outlines of Nutrients and Harmful Metals in Sludge and Soil 19212.7 The Accumulation of Nutrients by Crops 19312.8 Future Views 19413 Microbial Fuel Cells for the Treatment of Wastewater 20313.1 Introduction 20313.2 Biochemical Sustenance of Microbes 20413.3 Functioning of MFCs 20413.3.1 Uses of MFCs 20513.3.2 Wastewater Treatment 20513.3.3 Power Supply to Underwater Monitoring Devices 20513.3.4 Power Supply to Remote Sensors 20513.3.5 BOD Sensing 20513.3.6 Hydrogen Manufacture 20613.4 Microbial Fuel Cells Treatment of Wastewater 20613.5 Microbial Fuel Cell Design 20613.6 Construction of MFCs 20713.6.1 Two Cell MFCs 20713.6.2 Single Compartment MFCs 20813.7 MFCs and Wastewater Remediation 20813.7.1 Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation 20913.7.2 Treatment of Sewage and Electricity Production by Microbial Fuel Cells 20913.7.3 Advanced MFCs for Wastewater Treatment 20913.8 Wastewater Treatment by MFCs Coupled with Peroxicoagulation Process 21013.9 MFCs and Generation of Bioelectricity 21013.10 Electricigens in the MFCs 21013.11 Future Prospects 21013.12 Conclusion 21114 Water Resources Planning and Management Paradigm Decision-Making 21414.1 Introduction 21414.2 Freshwater Stress 21514.3 Globalization 21514.4 Disparity in Supply and Demand 21514.5 Planning and Management Approaches 321614.5.1 Top-Down Approach 21614.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach 21614.6 Integrated Water Resources Management 21614.7 Water Management and Planning: Goals, Strategies, Decisions, and Scenarios 21714.8 Systems Approaches to Water Resource System Planning and Decision-Making 21814.9 Analysis and Implementation Framework 21814.10 Decision-Making 219Index 222