Om Prakash Jena PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. He has more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 4 patents. Alok Ranjan Tripathy PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. Ahmed A. Elngar PhD is an assistant professor of Computer Science, Chair of Scientific Innovation Research Group (SIRG), Director of Technological and Informatics Studies Center, at Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Zdzislaw Polkowski PhD is Professor in the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Jan Wyzykowski University, Polkowice, Poland. He has published more than 75 research articles in peer-reviewed journals.

• Preface xvPart I: Introduction 11 Machine Learning and Big Data: An Approach Toward Better Healthcare Services 3Nahid Sami and Asfia Aziz1.1 Introduction 31.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare 41.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 61.3.1 Supervised Learning 61.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 71.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning 71.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 81.3.5 Deep Learning 81.4 Big Data in Healthcare 81.5 Application of Big Data in Healthcare 91.5.1 Electronic Health Records 91.5.2 Helping in Diagnostics 91.5.3 Preventive Medicine 101.5.4 Precision Medicine 101.5.5 Medical Research 101.5.6 Cost Reduction 101.5.7 Population Health 101.5.8 Telemedicine 101.5.9 Equipment Maintenance 111.5.10 Improved Operational Efficiency 111.5.11 Outbreak Prediction 111.6 Challenges for Big Data 111.7 Conclusion 11References 12Part II: Medical Data Processing and Analysis 152 Thoracic Image Analysis Using Deep Learning 17Rakhi Wajgi, Jitendra V. Tembhurne and Dipak Wajgi2.1 Introduction 182.2 Broad Overview of Research 192.2.1 Challenges 192.2.2 Performance Measuring Parameters 212.2.3 Availability of Datasets 212.3 Existing Models 232.4 Comparison of Existing Models 302.5 Summary 382.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 38References 393 Feature Selection and Machine Learning Models for High-Dimensional Data: State-of-the-Art 43G. Manikandan and S. Abirami3.1 Introduction 433.1.1 Motivation of the Dimensionality Reduction 453.1.2 Feature Selection and Feature Extraction 463.1.3 Objectives of the Feature Selection 473.1.4 Feature Selection Process 473.2 Types of Feature Selection 483.2.1 Filter Methods 493.2.1.1 Correlation-Based Feature Selection 493.2.1.2 The Fast Correlation-Based Filter 503.2.1.3 The INTERACT Algorithm 513.2.1.4 ReliefF 513.2.1.5 Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance 523.2.2 Wrapper Methods 523.2.3 Embedded Methods 533.2.4 Hybrid Methods 543.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models 553.3.1 Restricted Boltzmann Machine 553.3.2 Autoencoder 563.3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 573.3.4 Recurrent Neural Network 583.4 Real-World Applications and Scenario of Feature Selection 583.4.1 Microarray 583.4.2 Intrusion Detection 593.4.3 Text Categorization 593.5 Conclusion 59References 604 A Smart Web Application for Symptom-Based Disease Detection and Prediction Using State-of-the-Art ML and ANN Models 65Parvej Reja Saleh and Eeshankur Saikia4.1 Introduction 654.2 Literature Review 684.3 Dataset, EDA, and Data Processing 694.4 Machine Learning Algorithms 724.4.1 Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier 724.4.2 Support Vector Machine Classifier 724.4.3 Random Forest Classifier 734.4.4 K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier 744.4.5 Decision Tree Classifier 744.4.6 Logistic Regression Classifier 754.4.7 Multilayer Perceptron Classifier 764.5 Work Architecture 774.6 Conclusion 78References 795 Classification of Heart Sound Signals Using Time-Frequency Image Texture Features 81Sujata Vyas, Mukesh D. Patil and Gajanan K. Birajdar5.1 Introduction 815.1.1 Motivation 825.2 Related Work 835.3 Theoretical Background 845.3.1 Pre-Processing Techniques 845.3.2 Spectrogram Generation 855.3.2 Feature Extraction 885.3.4 Feature Selection 905.3.5 Support Vector Machine 915.4 Proposed Algorithm 915.5 Experimental Results 925.5.1 Database 925.5.2 Evaluation Metrics 945.5.3 Confusion Matrix 945.5.4 Results and Discussions 945.6 Conclusion 96References 996 Improving Multi-Label Classification in Prototype Selection Scenario 103Himanshu Suyal and Avtar Singh6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Related Work 1056.3 Methodology 1066.3.1 Experiments and Evaluation 1086.4 Performance Evaluation 1086.5 Experiment Data Set 1096.6 Experiment Results 1106.7 Conclusion 117References 1177 A Machine Learning–Based Intelligent Computational Framework for the Prediction of Diabetes Disease 121Maqsood Hayat, Yar Muhammad and Muhammad Tahir7.1 Introduction 1217.2 Materials and Methods 1237.2.1 Dataset 1237.2.2 Proposed Framework for Diabetes System 1247.2.3 Pre-Processing of Data 1247.3 Machine Learning Classification Hypotheses 1247.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor 1247.3.2 Decision Tree 1257.3.3 Random Forest 1267.3.4 Logistic Regression 1267.3.5 Naïve Bayes 1267.3.6 Support Vector Machine 1267.3.7 Adaptive Boosting 1267.3.8 Extra-Tree Classifier 1277.4 Classifier Validation Method 1277.4.1 K-Fold Cross-Validation Technique 1277.5 Performance Evaluation Metrics 1277.6 Results and Discussion 1297.6.1 Performance of All Classifiers Using 5-Fold CV Method 1297.6.2 Performance of All Classifiers Using the 7-Fold Cross-Validation Method 1317.6.3 Performance of All Classifiers Using 10-Fold CV Method 1337.7 Conclusion 137References 1378 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Classifiers Using Grid Search and Random Search for Prediction of Heart Disease 139Dhilsath Fathima M. and S. Justin Samuel8.1 Introduction 1408.2 Related Work 1408.3 Proposed Method 1428.3.1 Dataset Description 1438.3.2 Ensemble Learners for Classification Modeling 1448.3.2.1 Bagging Ensemble Learners 1458.3.2.2 Boosting Ensemble Learner 1478.3.3 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Learners 1518.3.3.1 Grid Search Algorithm 1518.3.3.2 Random Search Algorithm 1528.4 Experimental Outcomes and Analyses 1538.4.1 Characteristics of UCI Heart Disease Dataset 1538.4.2 Experimental Result of Ensemble Learners and Performance Comparison 1548.4.3 Analysis of Experimental Result 1548.5 Conclusion 157References 1579 Computational Intelligence and Healthcare Informatics Part III—Recent Development and Advanced Methodologies 159Sankar Pariserum Perumal, Ganapathy Sannasi, Santhosh Kumar S.V.N. and Kannan Arputharaj9.1 Introduction: Simulation in Healthcare 1609.2 Need for a Healthcare Simulation Process 1609.3 Types of Healthcare Simulations 1619.4 AI in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1 Machine Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1.1 Machine Learning Model for Post-Surgical Risk Prediction 1639.4.2 Deep Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1699.4.2.1 Bi-LSTM–Based Surgical Participant Prediction Model 1709.5 Conclusion 174References 17410 Wolfram’s Cellular Automata Model in Health Informatics 179Sutapa Sarkar and Mousumi Saha10.1 Introduction 17910.2 Cellular Automata 18110.3 Application of Cellular Automata in Health Science 18310.4 Cellular Automata in Health Informatics 18410.5 Health Informatics–Deep Learning–Cellular Automata 19010.6 Conclusion 191References 191Part III: Machine Learning and COVID Prospective 19311 COVID-19: Classification of Countries for Analysis and Prediction of Global Novel Corona Virus Infections Disease Using Data Mining Techniques 195Sachin Kamley, Shailesh Jaloree, R.S. Thakur and Kapil Saxena11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Literature Review 19611.3 Data Pre-Processing 19711.4 Proposed Methodologies 19811.4.1 Simple Linear Regression 19811.4.2 Association Rule Mining 20211.4.3 Back Propagation Neural Network 20311.5 Experimental Results 20411.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes 211References 21212 Sentiment Analysis on Social Media for Emotional Prediction During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Efficient Machine Learning Approach 215Sivanantham Kalimuthu12.1 Introduction 21512.2 Literature Review 21812.3 System Design 22212.3.1 Extracting Feature With WMAR 22412.4 Result and Discussion 22912.5 Conclusion 232References 23213 Primary Healthcare Model for Remote Area Using Self-Organizing Map Network 235Sayan Das and Jaya Sil13.1 Introduction 23613.2 Background Details and Literature Review 23913.2.1 Fuzzy Set 23913.2.2 Self-Organizing Mapping 23913.3 Methodology 24013.3.1 Severity_Factor of Patient 24413.3.2 Clustering by Self-Organizing Mapping 24913.4 Results and Discussion 25013.5 Conclusion 252References 25214 Face Mask Detection in Real-Time Video Stream Using Deep Learning 255Alok Negi and Krishan Kumar14.1 Introduction 25614.2 Related Work 25714.3 Proposed Work 25814.3.1 Dataset Description 25814.3.2 Data Pre-Processing and Augmentation 25814.3.3 VGG19 Architecture and Implementation 25914.3.4 Face Mask Detection From Real-Time Video Stream 26114.4 Results and Evaluation 26214.5 Conclusion 267References 26715 A Computational Intelligence Approach for Skin Disease Identification Using Machine/Deep Learning Algorithms 269Swathi Jamjala Narayanan, Pranav Raj Jaiswal, Ariyan Chowdhury, Amitha Maria Joseph and Saurabh Ambar15.1 Introduction 27015.2 Research Problem Statements 27415.3 Dataset Description 27415.4 Machine Learning Technique Used for Skin Disease Identification 27615.4.1 Logistic Regression 27715.4.1.1 Logistic Regression Assumption 27715.4.1.2 Logistic Sigmoid Function 27715.4.1.3 Cost Function and Gradient Descent 27815.4.2 SVM 27915.4.3 Recurrent Neural Networks 28115.4.4 Decision Tree Classification Algorithm 28315.4.5 CNN 28615.4.6 Random Forest 28815.5 Result and Analysis 29015.6 Conclusion 291References 29116 Asymptotic Patients’ Healthcare Monitoring and Identification of Health Ailments in Post COVID-19 Scenario 297Pushan K.R. Dutta, Akshay Vinayak and Simran Kumari16.1 Introduction 29816.1.1 Motivation 29816.1.2 Contributions 29916.1.3 Paper Organization 29916.1.4 System Model Problem Formulation 29916.1.5 Proposed Methodology 30016.2 Material Properties and Design Specifications 30116.2.1 Hardware Components 30116.2.1.1 Microcontroller 30116.2.1.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield 30116.2.2 Sensors 30116.2.2.1 Temperature Sensor (LM 35) 30116.2.2.2 ECG Sensor (AD8232) 30116.2.2.3 Pulse Sensor 30116.2.2.4 GPS Module (NEO 6M V2) 30216.2.2.5 Gyroscope (GY-521) 30216.2.3 Software Components 30216.2.3.1 Arduino Software 30216.2.3.2 MySQL Database 30216.2.3.3 Wireless Communication 30216.3 Experimental Methods and Materials 30316.3.1 Simulation Environment 30316.3.1.1 System Hardware 30316.3.1.2 Connection and Circuitry 30416.3.1.3 Protocols Used 30616.3.1.4 Libraries Used 30716.4 Simulation Results 30716.5 Conclusion 31016.6 Abbreviations and Acronyms 310References 31117 COVID-19 Detection System Using Cellular Automata–Based Segmentation Techniques 313Rupashri Barik, M. Nazma B. J. Naskar and Sarbajyoti Mallik17.1 Introduction 31317.2 Literature Survey 31417.2.1 Cellular Automata 31517.2.2 Image Segmentation 31617.2.3 Deep Learning Techniques 31617.3 Proposed Methodology 31717.4 Results and Discussion 32017.5 Conclusion 322References 32218 Interesting Patterns From COVID-19 Dataset Using Graph-Based Statistical Analysis for Preventive Measures 325Abhilash C. B. and Kavi Mahesh18.1 Introduction 32618.2 Methods 32618.2.1 Data 32618.3 GSA Model: Graph-Based Statistical Analysis 32718.4 Graph-Based Analysis 32918.4.1 Modeling Your Data as a Graph 32918.4.2 RDF for Knowledge Graph 33118.4.3 Knowledge Graph Representation 33118.4.4 RDF Triple for KaTrace 33318.4.5 Cipher Query Operation on Knowledge Graph 33518.4.5.1 Inter-District Travel 33518.4.5.2 Patient 653 Spread Analysis 33618.4.5.3 Spread Analysis Using Parent-Child Relationships 33718.4.5.4 Delhi Congregation Attended the Patient’s Analysis 33918.5 Machine Learning Techniques 33918.5.1 Apriori Algorithm 33918.5.2 Decision Tree Classifier 34118.5.3 System Generated Facts on Pandas 34318.5.4 Time Series Model 34518.6 Exploratory Data Analysis 34618.6.1 Statistical Inference 34718.7 Conclusion 35618.8 Limitations 356Acknowledgments 356Abbreviations 357References 357Part IV: Prospective of Computational Intelligence in Healthcare 35919 Conceptualizing Tomorrow’s Healthcare Through Digitization 361Riddhi Chatterjee, Ratula Ray, Satya Ranjan Dash and Om Prakash Jena19.1 Introduction 36119.2 Importance of IoMT in Healthcare 36219.3 Case Study I: An Integrated Telemedicine Platform in Wake of the COVID-19 Crisis 36319.3.1 Introduction to the Case Study 36319.3.2 Merits 36319.3.3 Proposed Design 36319.3.3.1 Homecare 36319.3.3.2 Healthcare Provider 36519.3.3.3 Community 36719.4 Case Study II: A Smart Sleep Detection System to Track the Sleeping Pattern in Patients Suffering From Sleep Apnea 37119.4.1 Introduction to the Case Study 37119.4.2 Proposed Design 37319.5 Future of Smart Healthcare 37519.6 Conclusion 375References 37520 Domain Adaptation of Parts of Speech Annotators in Hindi Biomedical Corpus: An NLP Approach 377Pitambar Behera and Om Prakash Jena20.1 Introduction 37720.1.1 COVID-19 Pandemic Situation 37820.1.2 Salient Characteristics of Biomedical Corpus 37820.2 Review of Related Literature 37920.2.1 Biomedical NLP Research 37920.2.2 Domain Adaptation 37920.2.3 POS Tagging in Hindi 38020.3 Scope and Objectives 38020.3.1 Research Questions 38020.3.2 Research Problem 38020.3.3 Objectives 38120.4 Methodological Design 38120.4.1 Method of Data Collection 38120.4.2 Method of Data Annotation 38120.4.2.1 The BIS Tagset 38120.4.2.2 ILCI Semi-Automated Annotation Tool 38220.4.2.3 IA Agreement 38320.4.3 Method of Data Analysis 38320.4.3.1 The Theory of Support Vector Machines 38420.4.3.2 Experimental Setup 38420.5 Evaluation 38520.5.1 Error Analysis 38620.5.2 Fleiss’ Kappa 38820.6 Issues 38820.7 Conclusion and Future Work 388Acknowledgements 389References 38921 Application of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 393Khushi Roy, Subhra Debdas, Sayantan Kundu, Shalini Chouhan, Shivangi Mohanty and Biswarup Biswas21.1 Introduction 39321.2 Evolution of Natural Language Processing 39521.3 Outline of NLP in Medical Management 39621.4 Levels of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 39721.5 Opportunities and Challenges From a Clinical Perspective 39921.5.1 Application of Natural Language Processing in the Field of Medical Health Records 39921.5.2 Using Natural Language Processing for Large-Sample Clinical Research 40021.6 Openings and Difficulties From a Natural Language Processing Point of View 40121.6.1 Methods for Developing Shareable Data 40121.6.2 Intrinsic Evaluation and Representation Levels 40221.6.3 Beyond Electronic Health Record Data 40321.7 Actionable Guidance and Directions for the Future 40321.8 Conclusion 406References 406Index 409

Om Prakash Jena PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. He has more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 4 patents. Alok Ranjan Tripathy PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. Ahmed A. Elngar PhD is an assistant professor of Computer Science, Chair of Scientific Innovation Research Group (SIRG), Director of Technological and Informatics Studies Center, at Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Zdzislaw Polkowski PhD is Professor in the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Jan Wyzykowski University, Polkowice, Poland. He has published more than 75 research articles in peer-reviewed journals.

• Preface xvPart I: Introduction 11 Machine Learning and Big Data: An Approach Toward Better Healthcare Services 3Nahid Sami and Asfia Aziz1.1 Introduction 31.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare 41.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 61.3.1 Supervised Learning 61.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 71.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning 71.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 81.3.5 Deep Learning 81.4 Big Data in Healthcare 81.5 Application of Big Data in Healthcare 91.5.1 Electronic Health Records 91.5.2 Helping in Diagnostics 91.5.3 Preventive Medicine 101.5.4 Precision Medicine 101.5.5 Medical Research 101.5.6 Cost Reduction 101.5.7 Population Health 101.5.8 Telemedicine 101.5.9 Equipment Maintenance 111.5.10 Improved Operational Efficiency 111.5.11 Outbreak Prediction 111.6 Challenges for Big Data 111.7 Conclusion 11References 12Part II: Medical Data Processing and Analysis 152 Thoracic Image Analysis Using Deep Learning 17Rakhi Wajgi, Jitendra V. Tembhurne and Dipak Wajgi2.1 Introduction 182.2 Broad Overview of Research 192.2.1 Challenges 192.2.2 Performance Measuring Parameters 212.2.3 Availability of Datasets 212.3 Existing Models 232.4 Comparison of Existing Models 302.5 Summary 382.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 38References 393 Feature Selection and Machine Learning Models for High-Dimensional Data: State-of-the-Art 43G. Manikandan and S. Abirami3.1 Introduction 433.1.1 Motivation of the Dimensionality Reduction 453.1.2 Feature Selection and Feature Extraction 463.1.3 Objectives of the Feature Selection 473.1.4 Feature Selection Process 473.2 Types of Feature Selection 483.2.1 Filter Methods 493.2.1.1 Correlation-Based Feature Selection 493.2.1.2 The Fast Correlation-Based Filter 503.2.1.3 The INTERACT Algorithm 513.2.1.4 ReliefF 513.2.1.5 Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance 523.2.2 Wrapper Methods 523.2.3 Embedded Methods 533.2.4 Hybrid Methods 543.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models 553.3.1 Restricted Boltzmann Machine 553.3.2 Autoencoder 563.3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 573.3.4 Recurrent Neural Network 583.4 Real-World Applications and Scenario of Feature Selection 583.4.1 Microarray 583.4.2 Intrusion Detection 593.4.3 Text Categorization 593.5 Conclusion 59References 604 A Smart Web Application for Symptom-Based Disease Detection and Prediction Using State-of-the-Art ML and ANN Models 65Parvej Reja Saleh and Eeshankur Saikia4.1 Introduction 654.2 Literature Review 684.3 Dataset, EDA, and Data Processing 694.4 Machine Learning Algorithms 724.4.1 Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier 724.4.2 Support Vector Machine Classifier 724.4.3 Random Forest Classifier 734.4.4 K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier 744.4.5 Decision Tree Classifier 744.4.6 Logistic Regression Classifier 754.4.7 Multilayer Perceptron Classifier 764.5 Work Architecture 774.6 Conclusion 78References 795 Classification of Heart Sound Signals Using Time-Frequency Image Texture Features 81Sujata Vyas, Mukesh D. Patil and Gajanan K. Birajdar5.1 Introduction 815.1.1 Motivation 825.2 Related Work 835.3 Theoretical Background 845.3.1 Pre-Processing Techniques 845.3.2 Spectrogram Generation 855.3.2 Feature Extraction 885.3.4 Feature Selection 905.3.5 Support Vector Machine 915.4 Proposed Algorithm 915.5 Experimental Results 925.5.1 Database 925.5.2 Evaluation Metrics 945.5.3 Confusion Matrix 945.5.4 Results and Discussions 945.6 Conclusion 96References 996 Improving Multi-Label Classification in Prototype Selection Scenario 103Himanshu Suyal and Avtar Singh6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Related Work 1056.3 Methodology 1066.3.1 Experiments and Evaluation 1086.4 Performance Evaluation 1086.5 Experiment Data Set 1096.6 Experiment Results 1106.7 Conclusion 117References 1177 A Machine Learning–Based Intelligent Computational Framework for the Prediction of Diabetes Disease 121Maqsood Hayat, Yar Muhammad and Muhammad Tahir7.1 Introduction 1217.2 Materials and Methods 1237.2.1 Dataset 1237.2.2 Proposed Framework for Diabetes System 1247.2.3 Pre-Processing of Data 1247.3 Machine Learning Classification Hypotheses 1247.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor 1247.3.2 Decision Tree 1257.3.3 Random Forest 1267.3.4 Logistic Regression 1267.3.5 Naïve Bayes 1267.3.6 Support Vector Machine 1267.3.7 Adaptive Boosting 1267.3.8 Extra-Tree Classifier 1277.4 Classifier Validation Method 1277.4.1 K-Fold Cross-Validation Technique 1277.5 Performance Evaluation Metrics 1277.6 Results and Discussion 1297.6.1 Performance of All Classifiers Using 5-Fold CV Method 1297.6.2 Performance of All Classifiers Using the 7-Fold Cross-Validation Method 1317.6.3 Performance of All Classifiers Using 10-Fold CV Method 1337.7 Conclusion 137References 1378 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Classifiers Using Grid Search and Random Search for Prediction of Heart Disease 139Dhilsath Fathima M. and S. Justin Samuel8.1 Introduction 1408.2 Related Work 1408.3 Proposed Method 1428.3.1 Dataset Description 1438.3.2 Ensemble Learners for Classification Modeling 1448.3.2.1 Bagging Ensemble Learners 1458.3.2.2 Boosting Ensemble Learner 1478.3.3 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Learners 1518.3.3.1 Grid Search Algorithm 1518.3.3.2 Random Search Algorithm 1528.4 Experimental Outcomes and Analyses 1538.4.1 Characteristics of UCI Heart Disease Dataset 1538.4.2 Experimental Result of Ensemble Learners and Performance Comparison 1548.4.3 Analysis of Experimental Result 1548.5 Conclusion 157References 1579 Computational Intelligence and Healthcare Informatics Part III—Recent Development and Advanced Methodologies 159Sankar Pariserum Perumal, Ganapathy Sannasi, Santhosh Kumar S.V.N. and Kannan Arputharaj9.1 Introduction: Simulation in Healthcare 1609.2 Need for a Healthcare Simulation Process 1609.3 Types of Healthcare Simulations 1619.4 AI in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1 Machine Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1.1 Machine Learning Model for Post-Surgical Risk Prediction 1639.4.2 Deep Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1699.4.2.1 Bi-LSTM–Based Surgical Participant Prediction Model 1709.5 Conclusion 174References 17410 Wolfram’s Cellular Automata Model in Health Informatics 179Sutapa Sarkar and Mousumi Saha10.1 Introduction 17910.2 Cellular Automata 18110.3 Application of Cellular Automata in Health Science 18310.4 Cellular Automata in Health Informatics 18410.5 Health Informatics–Deep Learning–Cellular Automata 19010.6 Conclusion 191References 191Part III: Machine Learning and COVID Prospective 19311 COVID-19: Classification of Countries for Analysis and Prediction of Global Novel Corona Virus Infections Disease Using Data Mining Techniques 195Sachin Kamley, Shailesh Jaloree, R.S. Thakur and Kapil Saxena11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Literature Review 19611.3 Data Pre-Processing 19711.4 Proposed Methodologies 19811.4.1 Simple Linear Regression 19811.4.2 Association Rule Mining 20211.4.3 Back Propagation Neural Network 20311.5 Experimental Results 20411.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes 211References 21212 Sentiment Analysis on Social Media for Emotional Prediction During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Efficient Machine Learning Approach 215Sivanantham Kalimuthu12.1 Introduction 21512.2 Literature Review 21812.3 System Design 22212.3.1 Extracting Feature With WMAR 22412.4 Result and Discussion 22912.5 Conclusion 232References 23213 Primary Healthcare Model for Remote Area Using Self-Organizing Map Network 235Sayan Das and Jaya Sil13.1 Introduction 23613.2 Background Details and Literature Review 23913.2.1 Fuzzy Set 23913.2.2 Self-Organizing Mapping 23913.3 Methodology 24013.3.1 Severity_Factor of Patient 24413.3.2 Clustering by Self-Organizing Mapping 24913.4 Results and Discussion 25013.5 Conclusion 252References 25214 Face Mask Detection in Real-Time Video Stream Using Deep Learning 255Alok Negi and Krishan Kumar14.1 Introduction 25614.2 Related Work 25714.3 Proposed Work 25814.3.1 Dataset Description 25814.3.2 Data Pre-Processing and Augmentation 25814.3.3 VGG19 Architecture and Implementation 25914.3.4 Face Mask Detection From Real-Time Video Stream 26114.4 Results and Evaluation 26214.5 Conclusion 267References 26715 A Computational Intelligence Approach for Skin Disease Identification Using Machine/Deep Learning Algorithms 269Swathi Jamjala Narayanan, Pranav Raj Jaiswal, Ariyan Chowdhury, Amitha Maria Joseph and Saurabh Ambar15.1 Introduction 27015.2 Research Problem Statements 27415.3 Dataset Description 27415.4 Machine Learning Technique Used for Skin Disease Identification 27615.4.1 Logistic Regression 27715.4.1.1 Logistic Regression Assumption 27715.4.1.2 Logistic Sigmoid Function 27715.4.1.3 Cost Function and Gradient Descent 27815.4.2 SVM 27915.4.3 Recurrent Neural Networks 28115.4.4 Decision Tree Classification Algorithm 28315.4.5 CNN 28615.4.6 Random Forest 28815.5 Result and Analysis 29015.6 Conclusion 291References 29116 Asymptotic Patients’ Healthcare Monitoring and Identification of Health Ailments in Post COVID-19 Scenario 297Pushan K.R. Dutta, Akshay Vinayak and Simran Kumari16.1 Introduction 29816.1.1 Motivation 29816.1.2 Contributions 29916.1.3 Paper Organization 29916.1.4 System Model Problem Formulation 29916.1.5 Proposed Methodology 30016.2 Material Properties and Design Specifications 30116.2.1 Hardware Components 30116.2.1.1 Microcontroller 30116.2.1.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield 30116.2.2 Sensors 30116.2.2.1 Temperature Sensor (LM 35) 30116.2.2.2 ECG Sensor (AD8232) 30116.2.2.3 Pulse Sensor 30116.2.2.4 GPS Module (NEO 6M V2) 30216.2.2.5 Gyroscope (GY-521) 30216.2.3 Software Components 30216.2.3.1 Arduino Software 30216.2.3.2 MySQL Database 30216.2.3.3 Wireless Communication 30216.3 Experimental Methods and Materials 30316.3.1 Simulation Environment 30316.3.1.1 System Hardware 30316.3.1.2 Connection and Circuitry 30416.3.1.3 Protocols Used 30616.3.1.4 Libraries Used 30716.4 Simulation Results 30716.5 Conclusion 31016.6 Abbreviations and Acronyms 310References 31117 COVID-19 Detection System Using Cellular Automata–Based Segmentation Techniques 313Rupashri Barik, M. Nazma B. J. Naskar and Sarbajyoti Mallik17.1 Introduction 31317.2 Literature Survey 31417.2.1 Cellular Automata 31517.2.2 Image Segmentation 31617.2.3 Deep Learning Techniques 31617.3 Proposed Methodology 31717.4 Results and Discussion 32017.5 Conclusion 322References 32218 Interesting Patterns From COVID-19 Dataset Using Graph-Based Statistical Analysis for Preventive Measures 325Abhilash C. B. and Kavi Mahesh18.1 Introduction 32618.2 Methods 32618.2.1 Data 32618.3 GSA Model: Graph-Based Statistical Analysis 32718.4 Graph-Based Analysis 32918.4.1 Modeling Your Data as a Graph 32918.4.2 RDF for Knowledge Graph 33118.4.3 Knowledge Graph Representation 33118.4.4 RDF Triple for KaTrace 33318.4.5 Cipher Query Operation on Knowledge Graph 33518.4.5.1 Inter-District Travel 33518.4.5.2 Patient 653 Spread Analysis 33618.4.5.3 Spread Analysis Using Parent-Child Relationships 33718.4.5.4 Delhi Congregation Attended the Patient’s Analysis 33918.5 Machine Learning Techniques 33918.5.1 Apriori Algorithm 33918.5.2 Decision Tree Classifier 34118.5.3 System Generated Facts on Pandas 34318.5.4 Time Series Model 34518.6 Exploratory Data Analysis 34618.6.1 Statistical Inference 34718.7 Conclusion 35618.8 Limitations 356Acknowledgments 356Abbreviations 357References 357Part IV: Prospective of Computational Intelligence in Healthcare 35919 Conceptualizing Tomorrow’s Healthcare Through Digitization 361Riddhi Chatterjee, Ratula Ray, Satya Ranjan Dash and Om Prakash Jena19.1 Introduction 36119.2 Importance of IoMT in Healthcare 36219.3 Case Study I: An Integrated Telemedicine Platform in Wake of the COVID-19 Crisis 36319.3.1 Introduction to the Case Study 36319.3.2 Merits 36319.3.3 Proposed Design 36319.3.3.1 Homecare 36319.3.3.2 Healthcare Provider 36519.3.3.3 Community 36719.4 Case Study II: A Smart Sleep Detection System to Track the Sleeping Pattern in Patients Suffering From Sleep Apnea 37119.4.1 Introduction to the Case Study 37119.4.2 Proposed Design 37319.5 Future of Smart Healthcare 37519.6 Conclusion 375References 37520 Domain Adaptation of Parts of Speech Annotators in Hindi Biomedical Corpus: An NLP Approach 377Pitambar Behera and Om Prakash Jena20.1 Introduction 37720.1.1 COVID-19 Pandemic Situation 37820.1.2 Salient Characteristics of Biomedical Corpus 37820.2 Review of Related Literature 37920.2.1 Biomedical NLP Research 37920.2.2 Domain Adaptation 37920.2.3 POS Tagging in Hindi 38020.3 Scope and Objectives 38020.3.1 Research Questions 38020.3.2 Research Problem 38020.3.3 Objectives 38120.4 Methodological Design 38120.4.1 Method of Data Collection 38120.4.2 Method of Data Annotation 38120.4.2.1 The BIS Tagset 38120.4.2.2 ILCI Semi-Automated Annotation Tool 38220.4.2.3 IA Agreement 38320.4.3 Method of Data Analysis 38320.4.3.1 The Theory of Support Vector Machines 38420.4.3.2 Experimental Setup 38420.5 Evaluation 38520.5.1 Error Analysis 38620.5.2 Fleiss’ Kappa 38820.6 Issues 38820.7 Conclusion and Future Work 388Acknowledgements 389References 38921 Application of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 393Khushi Roy, Subhra Debdas, Sayantan Kundu, Shalini Chouhan, Shivangi Mohanty and Biswarup Biswas21.1 Introduction 39321.2 Evolution of Natural Language Processing 39521.3 Outline of NLP in Medical Management 39621.4 Levels of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 39721.5 Opportunities and Challenges From a Clinical Perspective 39921.5.1 Application of Natural Language Processing in the Field of Medical Health Records 39921.5.2 Using Natural Language Processing for Large-Sample Clinical Research 40021.6 Openings and Difficulties From a Natural Language Processing Point of View 40121.6.1 Methods for Developing Shareable Data 40121.6.2 Intrinsic Evaluation and Representation Levels 40221.6.3 Beyond Electronic Health Record Data 40321.7 Actionable Guidance and Directions for the Future 40321.8 Conclusion 406References 406Index 409

Om Prakash Jena PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. He has more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 4 patents. Alok Ranjan Tripathy PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. Ahmed A. Elngar PhD is an assistant professor of Computer Science, Chair of Scientific Innovation Research Group (SIRG), Director of Technological and Informatics Studies Center, at Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Zdzislaw Polkowski PhD is Professor in the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Jan Wyzykowski University, Polkowice, Poland. He has published more than 75 research articles in peer-reviewed journals.

• Preface xvPart I: Introduction 11 Machine Learning and Big Data: An Approach Toward Better Healthcare Services 3Nahid Sami and Asfia Aziz1.1 Introduction 31.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare 41.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 61.3.1 Supervised Learning 61.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 71.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning 71.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 81.3.5 Deep Learning 81.4 Big Data in Healthcare 81.5 Application of Big Data in Healthcare 91.5.1 Electronic Health Records 91.5.2 Helping in Diagnostics 91.5.3 Preventive Medicine 101.5.4 Precision Medicine 101.5.5 Medical Research 101.5.6 Cost Reduction 101.5.7 Population Health 101.5.8 Telemedicine 101.5.9 Equipment Maintenance 111.5.10 Improved Operational Efficiency 111.5.11 Outbreak Prediction 111.6 Challenges for Big Data 111.7 Conclusion 11References 12Part II: Medical Data Processing and Analysis 152 Thoracic Image Analysis Using Deep Learning 17Rakhi Wajgi, Jitendra V. Tembhurne and Dipak Wajgi2.1 Introduction 182.2 Broad Overview of Research 192.2.1 Challenges 192.2.2 Performance Measuring Parameters 212.2.3 Availability of Datasets 212.3 Existing Models 232.4 Comparison of Existing Models 302.5 Summary 382.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 38References 393 Feature Selection and Machine Learning Models for High-Dimensional Data: State-of-the-Art 43G. Manikandan and S. Abirami3.1 Introduction 433.1.1 Motivation of the Dimensionality Reduction 453.1.2 Feature Selection and Feature Extraction 463.1.3 Objectives of the Feature Selection 473.1.4 Feature Selection Process 473.2 Types of Feature Selection 483.2.1 Filter Methods 493.2.1.1 Correlation-Based Feature Selection 493.2.1.2 The Fast Correlation-Based Filter 503.2.1.3 The INTERACT Algorithm 513.2.1.4 ReliefF 513.2.1.5 Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance 523.2.2 Wrapper Methods 523.2.3 Embedded Methods 533.2.4 Hybrid Methods 543.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models 553.3.1 Restricted Boltzmann Machine 553.3.2 Autoencoder 563.3.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 573.3.4 Recurrent Neural Network 583.4 Real-World Applications and Scenario of Feature Selection 583.4.1 Microarray 583.4.2 Intrusion Detection 593.4.3 Text Categorization 593.5 Conclusion 59References 604 A Smart Web Application for Symptom-Based Disease Detection and Prediction Using State-of-the-Art ML and ANN Models 65Parvej Reja Saleh and Eeshankur Saikia4.1 Introduction 654.2 Literature Review 684.3 Dataset, EDA, and Data Processing 694.4 Machine Learning Algorithms 724.4.1 Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier 724.4.2 Support Vector Machine Classifier 724.4.3 Random Forest Classifier 734.4.4 K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier 744.4.5 Decision Tree Classifier 744.4.6 Logistic Regression Classifier 754.4.7 Multilayer Perceptron Classifier 764.5 Work Architecture 774.6 Conclusion 78References 795 Classification of Heart Sound Signals Using Time-Frequency Image Texture Features 81Sujata Vyas, Mukesh D. Patil and Gajanan K. Birajdar5.1 Introduction 815.1.1 Motivation 825.2 Related Work 835.3 Theoretical Background 845.3.1 Pre-Processing Techniques 845.3.2 Spectrogram Generation 855.3.2 Feature Extraction 885.3.4 Feature Selection 905.3.5 Support Vector Machine 915.4 Proposed Algorithm 915.5 Experimental Results 925.5.1 Database 925.5.2 Evaluation Metrics 945.5.3 Confusion Matrix 945.5.4 Results and Discussions 945.6 Conclusion 96References 996 Improving Multi-Label Classification in Prototype Selection Scenario 103Himanshu Suyal and Avtar Singh6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Related Work 1056.3 Methodology 1066.3.1 Experiments and Evaluation 1086.4 Performance Evaluation 1086.5 Experiment Data Set 1096.6 Experiment Results 1106.7 Conclusion 117References 1177 A Machine Learning–Based Intelligent Computational Framework for the Prediction of Diabetes Disease 121Maqsood Hayat, Yar Muhammad and Muhammad Tahir7.1 Introduction 1217.2 Materials and Methods 1237.2.1 Dataset 1237.2.2 Proposed Framework for Diabetes System 1247.2.3 Pre-Processing of Data 1247.3 Machine Learning Classification Hypotheses 1247.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor 1247.3.2 Decision Tree 1257.3.3 Random Forest 1267.3.4 Logistic Regression 1267.3.5 Naïve Bayes 1267.3.6 Support Vector Machine 1267.3.7 Adaptive Boosting 1267.3.8 Extra-Tree Classifier 1277.4 Classifier Validation Method 1277.4.1 K-Fold Cross-Validation Technique 1277.5 Performance Evaluation Metrics 1277.6 Results and Discussion 1297.6.1 Performance of All Classifiers Using 5-Fold CV Method 1297.6.2 Performance of All Classifiers Using the 7-Fold Cross-Validation Method 1317.6.3 Performance of All Classifiers Using 10-Fold CV Method 1337.7 Conclusion 137References 1378 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Classifiers Using Grid Search and Random Search for Prediction of Heart Disease 139Dhilsath Fathima M. and S. Justin Samuel8.1 Introduction 1408.2 Related Work 1408.3 Proposed Method 1428.3.1 Dataset Description 1438.3.2 Ensemble Learners for Classification Modeling 1448.3.2.1 Bagging Ensemble Learners 1458.3.2.2 Boosting Ensemble Learner 1478.3.3 Hyperparameter Tuning of Ensemble Learners 1518.3.3.1 Grid Search Algorithm 1518.3.3.2 Random Search Algorithm 1528.4 Experimental Outcomes and Analyses 1538.4.1 Characteristics of UCI Heart Disease Dataset 1538.4.2 Experimental Result of Ensemble Learners and Performance Comparison 1548.4.3 Analysis of Experimental Result 1548.5 Conclusion 157References 1579 Computational Intelligence and Healthcare Informatics Part III—Recent Development and Advanced Methodologies 159Sankar Pariserum Perumal, Ganapathy Sannasi, Santhosh Kumar S.V.N. and Kannan Arputharaj9.1 Introduction: Simulation in Healthcare 1609.2 Need for a Healthcare Simulation Process 1609.3 Types of Healthcare Simulations 1619.4 AI in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1 Machine Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1639.4.1.1 Machine Learning Model for Post-Surgical Risk Prediction 1639.4.2 Deep Learning Models in Healthcare Simulation 1699.4.2.1 Bi-LSTM–Based Surgical Participant Prediction Model 1709.5 Conclusion 174References 17410 Wolfram’s Cellular Automata Model in Health Informatics 179Sutapa Sarkar and Mousumi Saha10.1 Introduction 17910.2 Cellular Automata 18110.3 Application of Cellular Automata in Health Science 18310.4 Cellular Automata in Health Informatics 18410.5 Health Informatics–Deep Learning–Cellular Automata 19010.6 Conclusion 191References 191Part III: Machine Learning and COVID Prospective 19311 COVID-19: Classification of Countries for Analysis and Prediction of Global Novel Corona Virus Infections Disease Using Data Mining Techniques 195Sachin Kamley, Shailesh Jaloree, R.S. Thakur and Kapil Saxena11.1 Introduction 19511.2 Literature Review 19611.3 Data Pre-Processing 19711.4 Proposed Methodologies 19811.4.1 Simple Linear Regression 19811.4.2 Association Rule Mining 20211.4.3 Back Propagation Neural Network 20311.5 Experimental Results 20411.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes 211References 21212 Sentiment Analysis on Social Media for Emotional Prediction During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Efficient Machine Learning Approach 215Sivanantham Kalimuthu12.1 Introduction 21512.2 Literature Review 21812.3 System Design 22212.3.1 Extracting Feature With WMAR 22412.4 Result and Discussion 22912.5 Conclusion 232References 23213 Primary Healthcare Model for Remote Area Using Self-Organizing Map Network 235Sayan Das and Jaya Sil13.1 Introduction 23613.2 Background Details and Literature Review 23913.2.1 Fuzzy Set 23913.2.2 Self-Organizing Mapping 23913.3 Methodology 24013.3.1 Severity_Factor of Patient 24413.3.2 Clustering by Self-Organizing Mapping 24913.4 Results and Discussion 25013.5 Conclusion 252References 25214 Face Mask Detection in Real-Time Video Stream Using Deep Learning 255Alok Negi and Krishan Kumar14.1 Introduction 25614.2 Related Work 25714.3 Proposed Work 25814.3.1 Dataset Description 25814.3.2 Data Pre-Processing and Augmentation 25814.3.3 VGG19 Architecture and Implementation 25914.3.4 Face Mask Detection From Real-Time Video Stream 26114.4 Results and Evaluation 26214.5 Conclusion 267References 26715 A Computational Intelligence Approach for Skin Disease Identification Using Machine/Deep Learning Algorithms 269Swathi Jamjala Narayanan, Pranav Raj Jaiswal, Ariyan Chowdhury, Amitha Maria Joseph and Saurabh Ambar15.1 Introduction 27015.2 Research Problem Statements 27415.3 Dataset Description 27415.4 Machine Learning Technique Used for Skin Disease Identification 27615.4.1 Logistic Regression 27715.4.1.1 Logistic Regression Assumption 27715.4.1.2 Logistic Sigmoid Function 27715.4.1.3 Cost Function and Gradient Descent 27815.4.2 SVM 27915.4.3 Recurrent Neural Networks 28115.4.4 Decision Tree Classification Algorithm 28315.4.5 CNN 28615.4.6 Random Forest 28815.5 Result and Analysis 29015.6 Conclusion 291References 29116 Asymptotic Patients’ Healthcare Monitoring and Identification of Health Ailments in Post COVID-19 Scenario 297Pushan K.R. Dutta, Akshay Vinayak and Simran Kumari16.1 Introduction 29816.1.1 Motivation 29816.1.2 Contributions 29916.1.3 Paper Organization 29916.1.4 System Model Problem Formulation 29916.1.5 Proposed Methodology 30016.2 Material Properties and Design Specifications 30116.2.1 Hardware Components 30116.2.1.1 Microcontroller 30116.2.1.2 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Shield 30116.2.2 Sensors 30116.2.2.1 Temperature Sensor (LM 35) 30116.2.2.2 ECG Sensor (AD8232) 30116.2.2.3 Pulse Sensor 30116.2.2.4 GPS Module (NEO 6M V2) 30216.2.2.5 Gyroscope (GY-521) 30216.2.3 Software Components 30216.2.3.1 Arduino Software 30216.2.3.2 MySQL Database 30216.2.3.3 Wireless Communication 30216.3 Experimental Methods and Materials 30316.3.1 Simulation Environment 30316.3.1.1 System Hardware 30316.3.1.2 Connection and Circuitry 30416.3.1.3 Protocols Used 30616.3.1.4 Libraries Used 30716.4 Simulation Results 30716.5 Conclusion 31016.6 Abbreviations and Acronyms 310References 31117 COVID-19 Detection System Using Cellular Automata–Based Segmentation Techniques 313Rupashri Barik, M. Nazma B. J. Naskar and Sarbajyoti Mallik17.1 Introduction 31317.2 Literature Survey 31417.2.1 Cellular Automata 31517.2.2 Image Segmentation 31617.2.3 Deep Learning Techniques 31617.3 Proposed Methodology 31717.4 Results and Discussion 32017.5 Conclusion 322References 32218 Interesting Patterns From COVID-19 Dataset Using Graph-Based Statistical Analysis for Preventive Measures 325Abhilash C. B. and Kavi Mahesh18.1 Introduction 32618.2 Methods 32618.2.1 Data 32618.3 GSA Model: Graph-Based Statistical Analysis 32718.4 Graph-Based Analysis 32918.4.1 Modeling Your Data as a Graph 32918.4.2 RDF for Knowledge Graph 33118.4.3 Knowledge Graph Representation 33118.4.4 RDF Triple for KaTrace 33318.4.5 Cipher Query Operation on Knowledge Graph 33518.4.5.1 Inter-District Travel 33518.4.5.2 Patient 653 Spread Analysis 33618.4.5.3 Spread Analysis Using Parent-Child Relationships 33718.4.5.4 Delhi Congregation Attended the Patient’s Analysis 33918.5 Machine Learning Techniques 33918.5.1 Apriori Algorithm 33918.5.2 Decision Tree Classifier 34118.5.3 System Generated Facts on Pandas 34318.5.4 Time Series Model 34518.6 Exploratory Data Analysis 34618.6.1 Statistical Inference 34718.7 Conclusion 35618.8 Limitations 356Acknowledgments 356Abbreviations 357References 357Part IV: Prospective of Computational Intelligence in Healthcare 35919 Conceptualizing Tomorrow’s Healthcare Through Digitization 361Riddhi Chatterjee, Ratula Ray, Satya Ranjan Dash and Om Prakash Jena19.1 Introduction 36119.2 Importance of IoMT in Healthcare 36219.3 Case Study I: An Integrated Telemedicine Platform in Wake of the COVID-19 Crisis 36319.3.1 Introduction to the Case Study 36319.3.2 Merits 36319.3.3 Proposed Design 36319.3.3.1 Homecare 36319.3.3.2 Healthcare Provider 36519.3.3.3 Community 36719.4 Case Study II: A Smart Sleep Detection System to Track the Sleeping Pattern in Patients Suffering From Sleep Apnea 37119.4.1 Introduction to the Case Study 37119.4.2 Proposed Design 37319.5 Future of Smart Healthcare 37519.6 Conclusion 375References 37520 Domain Adaptation of Parts of Speech Annotators in Hindi Biomedical Corpus: An NLP Approach 377Pitambar Behera and Om Prakash Jena20.1 Introduction 37720.1.1 COVID-19 Pandemic Situation 37820.1.2 Salient Characteristics of Biomedical Corpus 37820.2 Review of Related Literature 37920.2.1 Biomedical NLP Research 37920.2.2 Domain Adaptation 37920.2.3 POS Tagging in Hindi 38020.3 Scope and Objectives 38020.3.1 Research Questions 38020.3.2 Research Problem 38020.3.3 Objectives 38120.4 Methodological Design 38120.4.1 Method of Data Collection 38120.4.2 Method of Data Annotation 38120.4.2.1 The BIS Tagset 38120.4.2.2 ILCI Semi-Automated Annotation Tool 38220.4.2.3 IA Agreement 38320.4.3 Method of Data Analysis 38320.4.3.1 The Theory of Support Vector Machines 38420.4.3.2 Experimental Setup 38420.5 Evaluation 38520.5.1 Error Analysis 38620.5.2 Fleiss’ Kappa 38820.6 Issues 38820.7 Conclusion and Future Work 388Acknowledgements 389References 38921 Application of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 393Khushi Roy, Subhra Debdas, Sayantan Kundu, Shalini Chouhan, Shivangi Mohanty and Biswarup Biswas21.1 Introduction 39321.2 Evolution of Natural Language Processing 39521.3 Outline of NLP in Medical Management 39621.4 Levels of Natural Language Processing in Healthcare 39721.5 Opportunities and Challenges From a Clinical Perspective 39921.5.1 Application of Natural Language Processing in the Field of Medical Health Records 39921.5.2 Using Natural Language Processing for Large-Sample Clinical Research 40021.6 Openings and Difficulties From a Natural Language Processing Point of View 40121.6.1 Methods for Developing Shareable Data 40121.6.2 Intrinsic Evaluation and Representation Levels 40221.6.3 Beyond Electronic Health Record Data 40321.7 Actionable Guidance and Directions for the Future 40321.8 Conclusion 406References 406Index 409