Editor: Gianluca ManzoGEMASS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and University of Paris–Sorbonne, France

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• Preface and Acknowledgments xiiiAbout the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiIntroduction 1Editor's Introduction to Chapter 1 21 Data, Generative Models, and Mechanisms: More on the Principles of Analytical Sociology 4Gianluca Manzo1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Principles of Analytical Sociology 71.3 Clarity (P1) 101.4 Description (P2) 121.5 Generative Models (P3) 141.6 Structural Methodological Individualism (P4a) 171.7 Logics of Action (P4b) 211.8 Structural Interdependency (P4c) 271.9 Agent-Based Modeling (P5) 291.10 Back to Data (P6 and P7) 351.11 Concluding Remarks 371.12 How to Read this Book 40Part I ACTIONS 53Foundational Issues 54Editor's Introduction to Chapter 2 552 Analytical Sociology and Rational-Choice Theory 57Peter Hedström and Petri Ylikoski2.1 Rational-Choice Theory 582.2 Sociological Rational-Choice Theory 592.3 Analytical Sociology as a Meta-Theory 602.4 The Key Ideas of Analytical Sociology 612.4.1 Mechanism-Based Explanation 612.4.2 Realism 622.4.3 Theories of Middle Range 632.4.4 Theory of Action 642.5 The Puzzle 642.6 The Assumed Special Role of RCT 652.7 Conclusion 673 Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory 74Per-Olof H. Wikström3.1 Situational Action Theory 753.2 Explaining Crime 763.3 The Situational Model 773.4 The Situational Process 783.4.1 Motivation 793.4.2 Perception of Action Alternatives: The Moral Filter 803.4.3 The Process of Choice: Habits and Deliberation 803.4.4 Controls: Self-Control and Deterrence 823.5 The Social Model 823.6 Integrating the Social and Situational Models 843.7 Testing SAT 853.7.1 The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study 853.7.2 Measuring Crime, Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 863.7.3 Crime Involvement by Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 873.7.4 The Impact of Criminogenic Exposure on Crime for Groups with Different Levels of Crime Propensity 883.8 Explaining Crime Concentrations (Hot Spots) 903.9 Coda 924 Frames, Scripts, and Variable Rationality: An Integrative Theory of Action 97Clemens Kroneberg4.1 Introduction 974.2 The Model of Frame Selection (MFS) 994.2.1 Frames, Scripts, and Actions 994.2.2 Dual-processes: Spontaneous vs. Reflected Modes of Selection 1004.2.3 The Determinants of Variable Rationality 1044.3 Hypotheses and Previous Applications 1064.4 An Exemplary Application Using Survey Data: Explaining Voter Participation 1084.4.1 Theory 1084.4.2 Data and Measures 1124.4.3 Results 1134.5 Applying the MFS to Study Social Dynamics 1154.5.1 The MFS and the Study of Social Movements and Collective Action 1164.5.2 Strategic Interaction with Variable Rationality and Framing 1174.6 Conclusion 1185 Analytical Sociology and Quantitative Narrative Analysis: Explaining Lynchings in Georgia (1875–1930) 127Roberto Franzosi5.1 Strange Fruits on Southern Trees 1275.2 Analytical Sociology 1285.3 Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA) 1295.3.1 Step 1: Story Grammars 1305.3.2 Step 2: PC-ACE (Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events) 1325.3.3 Step 3: Data Analysis: Actor-Centered vs. Variable-Centered Tools of Analysis 1345.4 Of Sequences 1395.5 Of Time and Space 1425.6 Conclusions 1446 Identity and Opportunity in Early Modern Politics: How Job Vacancies Induced Witch Persecutions in Scotland, 1563–1736 151Anna Mitschele6.1 Introduction 1516.2 Theories about Witches and Research on State Making 1536.3 Towards a Theory of Persecution 1556.3.1 Communities 1566.3.2 Elite Social Structure and Government 1576.4 Witch-Hunting in Scotland 1576.5 Findings 1596.5.1 Prosecution as Career Device I: Waves of Witch-Hunting and their Historical Correlates 1596.5.2 Prosecution as Career Device II: Witch-Hunters Become Justices of the Peace 1616.5.3 Competing Explanations I: The Godly State Ideology 1626.5.4 Competing Explanations II: Witches as Scapegoats for Disaster 1636.6 Discussion 1647 Mechanisms of Cooperation 172Davide Barrera7.1 Introduction 1727.2 Cooperation Problems in Dyadic Settings 1747.2.1 Models of Trust Problem 1757.2.2 Cooperation Mechanisms in Embedded Settings 1787.2.3 Empirical Research on Trust in Embedded Settings 1797.2.4 Dyadic Embeddedness 1807.2.5 Network Embeddedness 1807.3 Cooperation Problems Involving More than Two Actors 1817.3.1 Reciprocity and Non-Standard Utility Models 1837.3.2 Empirical Evidence on Heterogeneous Preferences 1847.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 1878 The Impact of Elections on Cooperation: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Uganda 201Guy Grossman and Delia Baldassarri8.1 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses 2038.2 Research Site, Sampling, and Experimental Design 2068.3 Research Site 2078.4 Sampling and Data Collection 2088.5 Experimental Design 2088.6 Experimental Findings 2108.7 Monitors’ Sanctioning Behavior 2148.8 Discussion of the Experimental Part 2168.9 Observational Data 2178.10 Comparing Behavior in the Experiment and Real Life 2198.11 Conclusion 221Part II NETWORKS 233Collective Action 234Editor's Introduction to Chapter 9 2359 Social Networks and Agent-Based Modelling 237Meredith Rolfe9.1 Social Network Properties 2389.1.1 Surveys of Personal Networks 2399.2 Network Construction Techniques 2439.2.1 Global Reference or Full Information 2439.2.2 Random Graph Local Networks 2439.2.3 Two-Dimensional Lattices or Grid-Based Networks 2449.2.4 One-Dimensional Lattice or Small-World Method 2459.2.5 Biased or Structured Random Networks 2459.3 Networks as Pipes: A Basic Demonstration 2469.3.1 Global Networks and Group Size 2489.3.2 Results with Network Construction Methods 2519.4 Discussion 25610 Online Networks and the Diffusion of Protest 263Sandra Gonzalez-Bailón, Javier Borge-Holthoefer, and Yamir Moreno10.1 Diffusion Dynamics 26410.1.1 Models of Diffusion 26410.1.2 Case Study 26610.2 Thresholds and Critical Mass 26810.3 Networks and Social Influence 27110.4 Conclusion: Digital Data and Analytical Sociology 27511 Liability to Rupture: Multiple Mechanisms and Subgroup Formation. An Exploratory Theoretical Study 282Peter Abell11.1 Introduction 28211.2 A Formal Framework 28311.3 Balance Theory 28411.4 Homophily (H-theory) 28711.5 Baseline Structures 28811.6 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for Balance Theory 28911.7 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for H-theory 29111.8 The Dynamic Interaction of Balance and H-theories 29311.9 Conclusions 29412 Network Size and Network Homophily: Same-Sex Friendships in 595 Scandinavian Schools 299Thomas Grund12.1 Introduction 29912.2 Theoretical Considerations 30112.2.1 Biased Urn Model Without Replacement for Network Formation 30112.2.2 Role of Group Size for Homophily 30512.3 Empirical Application: Same-Sex Ties in School Classes 30812.3.1 Hypotheses 30812.3.2 Data and Method 30912.4 Results 31012.5 Conclusion 31213 Status and Participation in Online Task Groups: An Agent-Based Model 317Simone Gabbriellini13.1 Introduction 31713.2 Previous Models 31913.3 E-state Structuralism: A Very Brief Review with an Add-On 32113.4 Case Study: Strategies and Discussions in Massively Multi-Player Online Games 32413.5 Analysis of the Model 32613.6 Empirical Test/Validation of the Model 33113.7 Conclusions 33614 Turbulent Careers: Social Networks, Employer Hiring Preferences, and Job Instability 342Christine Fountain and Katherine Stovel14.1 Introduction 34214.2 Background 34314.2.1 The Rise of Turbulence in Individual Employment Trajectories 34314.2.2 Inequality in Insecurity 34414.3 Networks 34614.3.1 Network Structure and Inequality in Information 34614.3.2 Our Approach 34814.4 Methods 34914.4.1 The Simulation Environment 34914.4.2 Implementation 35014.4.3 Experimental Structure 35314.5 Results 35514.6 Summary and Conclusions 36215 Employer Networks, Priming, and Discrimination in Hiring: An Experiment 373Karoly Takacs, Flaminio Squazzoni, Giangiacomo Bravo, and Marco Castellani15.1 Introduction 37315.2 Method 37615.2.1 Experimental Design 37615.2.2 Manipulations 37815.2.3 Subjects 37815.3 Results 37915.3.1 Index Values 37915.3.2 Hierarchical Models 38215.3.3 From Traditional Testing Toward Finding Indicators for Mechanisms 38515.4 Discussion 39116 The Duality of Organizations and Audiences 400Balazs Kovacs16.1 Introduction 40016.2 Similarity and the Duality of Organizations and their Audiences 40116.3 Organizational Similarity, Audiences, and Arguments for Extending Structural Equivalence 40316.4 A Representation for Dual Similarity of Organizations and their Audiences 40616.5 Empirical Illustration: The Duality of Restaurants and their Reviewers 40716.6 Similarity as a Basis for Prediction: Validating the Model 40816.7 Discussion, Implications, and Limitations 41216.8 Connections to Analytical Sociology 415References 415Further Reading 418Coda 419Problem Shift in Sociology: Mechanisms, Generic Instruments, and Fractals 420Gianluca ManzoIndex 427

Editor: Gianluca ManzoGEMASS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and University of Paris–Sorbonne, France

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• Preface and Acknowledgments xiiiAbout the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiIntroduction 1Editor's Introduction to Chapter 1 21 Data, Generative Models, and Mechanisms: More on the Principles of Analytical Sociology 4Gianluca Manzo1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Principles of Analytical Sociology 71.3 Clarity (P1) 101.4 Description (P2) 121.5 Generative Models (P3) 141.6 Structural Methodological Individualism (P4a) 171.7 Logics of Action (P4b) 211.8 Structural Interdependency (P4c) 271.9 Agent-Based Modeling (P5) 291.10 Back to Data (P6 and P7) 351.11 Concluding Remarks 371.12 How to Read this Book 40Part I ACTIONS 53Foundational Issues 54Editor's Introduction to Chapter 2 552 Analytical Sociology and Rational-Choice Theory 57Peter Hedström and Petri Ylikoski2.1 Rational-Choice Theory 582.2 Sociological Rational-Choice Theory 592.3 Analytical Sociology as a Meta-Theory 602.4 The Key Ideas of Analytical Sociology 612.4.1 Mechanism-Based Explanation 612.4.2 Realism 622.4.3 Theories of Middle Range 632.4.4 Theory of Action 642.5 The Puzzle 642.6 The Assumed Special Role of RCT 652.7 Conclusion 673 Why Crime Happens: A Situational Action Theory 74Per-Olof H. Wikström3.1 Situational Action Theory 753.2 Explaining Crime 763.3 The Situational Model 773.4 The Situational Process 783.4.1 Motivation 793.4.2 Perception of Action Alternatives: The Moral Filter 803.4.3 The Process of Choice: Habits and Deliberation 803.4.4 Controls: Self-Control and Deterrence 823.5 The Social Model 823.6 Integrating the Social and Situational Models 843.7 Testing SAT 853.7.1 The Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study 853.7.2 Measuring Crime, Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 863.7.3 Crime Involvement by Crime Propensity and Criminogenic Exposure 873.7.4 The Impact of Criminogenic Exposure on Crime for Groups with Different Levels of Crime Propensity 883.8 Explaining Crime Concentrations (Hot Spots) 903.9 Coda 924 Frames, Scripts, and Variable Rationality: An Integrative Theory of Action 97Clemens Kroneberg4.1 Introduction 974.2 The Model of Frame Selection (MFS) 994.2.1 Frames, Scripts, and Actions 994.2.2 Dual-processes: Spontaneous vs. Reflected Modes of Selection 1004.2.3 The Determinants of Variable Rationality 1044.3 Hypotheses and Previous Applications 1064.4 An Exemplary Application Using Survey Data: Explaining Voter Participation 1084.4.1 Theory 1084.4.2 Data and Measures 1124.4.3 Results 1134.5 Applying the MFS to Study Social Dynamics 1154.5.1 The MFS and the Study of Social Movements and Collective Action 1164.5.2 Strategic Interaction with Variable Rationality and Framing 1174.6 Conclusion 1185 Analytical Sociology and Quantitative Narrative Analysis: Explaining Lynchings in Georgia (1875–1930) 127Roberto Franzosi5.1 Strange Fruits on Southern Trees 1275.2 Analytical Sociology 1285.3 Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA) 1295.3.1 Step 1: Story Grammars 1305.3.2 Step 2: PC-ACE (Program for Computer-Assisted Coding of Events) 1325.3.3 Step 3: Data Analysis: Actor-Centered vs. Variable-Centered Tools of Analysis 1345.4 Of Sequences 1395.5 Of Time and Space 1425.6 Conclusions 1446 Identity and Opportunity in Early Modern Politics: How Job Vacancies Induced Witch Persecutions in Scotland, 1563–1736 151Anna Mitschele6.1 Introduction 1516.2 Theories about Witches and Research on State Making 1536.3 Towards a Theory of Persecution 1556.3.1 Communities 1566.3.2 Elite Social Structure and Government 1576.4 Witch-Hunting in Scotland 1576.5 Findings 1596.5.1 Prosecution as Career Device I: Waves of Witch-Hunting and their Historical Correlates 1596.5.2 Prosecution as Career Device II: Witch-Hunters Become Justices of the Peace 1616.5.3 Competing Explanations I: The Godly State Ideology 1626.5.4 Competing Explanations II: Witches as Scapegoats for Disaster 1636.6 Discussion 1647 Mechanisms of Cooperation 172Davide Barrera7.1 Introduction 1727.2 Cooperation Problems in Dyadic Settings 1747.2.1 Models of Trust Problem 1757.2.2 Cooperation Mechanisms in Embedded Settings 1787.2.3 Empirical Research on Trust in Embedded Settings 1797.2.4 Dyadic Embeddedness 1807.2.5 Network Embeddedness 1807.3 Cooperation Problems Involving More than Two Actors 1817.3.1 Reciprocity and Non-Standard Utility Models 1837.3.2 Empirical Evidence on Heterogeneous Preferences 1847.4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks 1878 The Impact of Elections on Cooperation: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Uganda 201Guy Grossman and Delia Baldassarri8.1 Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses 2038.2 Research Site, Sampling, and Experimental Design 2068.3 Research Site 2078.4 Sampling and Data Collection 2088.5 Experimental Design 2088.6 Experimental Findings 2108.7 Monitors’ Sanctioning Behavior 2148.8 Discussion of the Experimental Part 2168.9 Observational Data 2178.10 Comparing Behavior in the Experiment and Real Life 2198.11 Conclusion 221Part II NETWORKS 233Collective Action 234Editor's Introduction to Chapter 9 2359 Social Networks and Agent-Based Modelling 237Meredith Rolfe9.1 Social Network Properties 2389.1.1 Surveys of Personal Networks 2399.2 Network Construction Techniques 2439.2.1 Global Reference or Full Information 2439.2.2 Random Graph Local Networks 2439.2.3 Two-Dimensional Lattices or Grid-Based Networks 2449.2.4 One-Dimensional Lattice or Small-World Method 2459.2.5 Biased or Structured Random Networks 2459.3 Networks as Pipes: A Basic Demonstration 2469.3.1 Global Networks and Group Size 2489.3.2 Results with Network Construction Methods 2519.4 Discussion 25610 Online Networks and the Diffusion of Protest 263Sandra Gonzalez-Bailón, Javier Borge-Holthoefer, and Yamir Moreno10.1 Diffusion Dynamics 26410.1.1 Models of Diffusion 26410.1.2 Case Study 26610.2 Thresholds and Critical Mass 26810.3 Networks and Social Influence 27110.4 Conclusion: Digital Data and Analytical Sociology 27511 Liability to Rupture: Multiple Mechanisms and Subgroup Formation. An Exploratory Theoretical Study 282Peter Abell11.1 Introduction 28211.2 A Formal Framework 28311.3 Balance Theory 28411.4 Homophily (H-theory) 28711.5 Baseline Structures 28811.6 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for Balance Theory 28911.7 Developing a Dynamic Mechanism for H-theory 29111.8 The Dynamic Interaction of Balance and H-theories 29311.9 Conclusions 29412 Network Size and Network Homophily: Same-Sex Friendships in 595 Scandinavian Schools 299Thomas Grund12.1 Introduction 29912.2 Theoretical Considerations 30112.2.1 Biased Urn Model Without Replacement for Network Formation 30112.2.2 Role of Group Size for Homophily 30512.3 Empirical Application: Same-Sex Ties in School Classes 30812.3.1 Hypotheses 30812.3.2 Data and Method 30912.4 Results 31012.5 Conclusion 31213 Status and Participation in Online Task Groups: An Agent-Based Model 317Simone Gabbriellini13.1 Introduction 31713.2 Previous Models 31913.3 E-state Structuralism: A Very Brief Review with an Add-On 32113.4 Case Study: Strategies and Discussions in Massively Multi-Player Online Games 32413.5 Analysis of the Model 32613.6 Empirical Test/Validation of the Model 33113.7 Conclusions 33614 Turbulent Careers: Social Networks, Employer Hiring Preferences, and Job Instability 342Christine Fountain and Katherine Stovel14.1 Introduction 34214.2 Background 34314.2.1 The Rise of Turbulence in Individual Employment Trajectories 34314.2.2 Inequality in Insecurity 34414.3 Networks 34614.3.1 Network Structure and Inequality in Information 34614.3.2 Our Approach 34814.4 Methods 34914.4.1 The Simulation Environment 34914.4.2 Implementation 35014.4.3 Experimental Structure 35314.5 Results 35514.6 Summary and Conclusions 36215 Employer Networks, Priming, and Discrimination in Hiring: An Experiment 373Karoly Takacs, Flaminio Squazzoni, Giangiacomo Bravo, and Marco Castellani15.1 Introduction 37315.2 Method 37615.2.1 Experimental Design 37615.2.2 Manipulations 37815.2.3 Subjects 37815.3 Results 37915.3.1 Index Values 37915.3.2 Hierarchical Models 38215.3.3 From Traditional Testing Toward Finding Indicators for Mechanisms 38515.4 Discussion 39116 The Duality of Organizations and Audiences 400Balazs Kovacs16.1 Introduction 40016.2 Similarity and the Duality of Organizations and their Audiences 40116.3 Organizational Similarity, Audiences, and Arguments for Extending Structural Equivalence 40316.4 A Representation for Dual Similarity of Organizations and their Audiences 40616.5 Empirical Illustration: The Duality of Restaurants and their Reviewers 40716.6 Similarity as a Basis for Prediction: Validating the Model 40816.7 Discussion, Implications, and Limitations 41216.8 Connections to Analytical Sociology 415References 415Further Reading 418Coda 419Problem Shift in Sociology: Mechanisms, Generic Instruments, and Fractals 420Gianluca ManzoIndex 427